Optical biosensors represent the most common type of biosensor. Here we provide a brief classification, a description of underlying principles of operation and their bioanalytical applications. The main focus is placed on the most widely used optical biosensors which are surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors including SPR imaging and localized SPR. In addition, other optical biosenso...

2.1.1 General Procedure 5988 2.1.2 Heparin Detection 5992 2.1.3 Carbohydrate Structures 5994 2.2 Lectin-Based Biosensors 5995 2.3 Glycoprotein and Glycosylation Biosensors 5997 2.4 Pathogen and Cancer-Detection Assays 5999 2.4.1 Pathogen Identification 5999 2.4.2 LPS Biosensors 6002 2.4.3 Cancer Diagnostics 6003 2.5 Carbohydrate Nanobiosensors 6003 2.6 Miscellaneous Carbohydrate Bioassays 6004 ...

A biosensor can be defined as a device incorporating a biological sensing element connected to a transducer to convert an observed response into a measurable signal, whose magnitude is proportional to the concentration of a specific chemical or set of chemcials (Eggins 1996). According to the receptor type, biosensors can be classified as enzymatic biosensors, genosensors, immunosensors, etc. B...

Biosensors based on the principle of Förster (or fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shed new light on the spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling molecules. Among them, intramolecular FRET biosensors have been increasingly used due to their high sensitivity and user-friendliness. Time-consuming optimizations by trial and error, however, obstructed the development of intramolecular...

Biosensors are the devices, which integrate the biological recognition element and a small transduction unit for the purpose of detecting various analytes. Biosensors are being developed for various applications such as quality control of food, agriculture, medical and pharmaceutical field, clinical assay and disease diagnostics. Recently, field of tissue engineering and cancer diagnostic provi...

Biosensors have experienced rapid, extensive development. To maintain the bioactivity of biomolecules and to give the electrochemical output signal required, appropriate bioimmobilization matrices for biomolecules are critical. In this review, we describe some advanced membrane materials (including hydrogels, sol-gel-derived organic-inorganic composites and lipid membranes), introduce electroch...

background: whispering gallery modes (wgm) biosensors are ultrasensitive systems that can measure amount of adsorbed layer onto the micro-cavity surface. they have many applications including protein, peptide growth, dna and bacteria detection, molecular properties measurements and specific interaction and drug table recognitions due to their high sensitivity, compact size and label free sensin...

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors are optical sensors exploiting special electromagnetic waves-surface plasmon-polaritons-to probe interactions between an analyte in solution and a biomolecular recognition element immobilized on the SPR sensor surface. Major application areas include detection of biological analytes and analysis of biomolecular interactions where SPR biosensors provide...

Biosensors are sensitive and can be used as disposable sensors for environmental control. These biosensors are based either on inhibition of acyl cholinesterases acetylcholinesterase or butyrylcholinesterase) by organophosphorus compounds or on inhibition of enzymes phosphatases (acid or alkaline) or on direct detection of organophosphorus compounds by organophosphorus hydrolase. The state-of-t...