The range of biopharmaceuticals available is steadily increasing. The first generation of products were copies of naturally occurring growth factors, or hormones or cytokines. With the development of new techniques, such as pegylation and glycosylation, second-generation biopharmaceuticals with increased bioavailability and higher therapeutic index are available. Most biopharmaceuticals induce ...

Biopharmaceuticals are associated with the revolutionary treatment of various diseases, and according to European Medicines Agency, biopharmaceuticals derived from biological sources perceived not cause significant environmental risk. However, there is currently no broadly recognized definition or categorization despite fact that improved technology has made it possible modify them obtain more ...

Biopharmaceuticals are making increasing impact on medicine, including treatment of indications in the eye. Macromolecular drugs are typically given by physician-administered invasive delivery methods, because non-invasive ocular delivery methods, such as eye drops, and systemic delivery, have low bioavailability and/or poor ocular targeting. There is a need to improve delivery of biopharmaceut...

Biopharmaceuticals drugs structurally mimics compounds found within the body and are produced using biotechnologies. These have the potential to cure diseases rather than merely treat symptoms, and have fewer side effects because of their specificity, for example, cytokines, enzymes, hormones, clotting factors, vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, cell therapies, antisense drugs, and peptide therap...

Microalgae are currently used for the production of food compounds. Recently, few microalgae species have been investigated as potential biofactories for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Indeed in this context, microalgae are cheap, classified as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) organisms and can be grown easily. However, problems remain to be solved before any industrial production of ...

Subcutaneous (SC) injection is currently the most common route of self-administering biopharmaceuticals such as proteins and peptides. While pharmaceutical scientists have acquired great skill in identifying formulations for these proteins and peptides with multi-year shelf life stability, the SC injection of these formulations can result in inconsistent or particularly low bioavailability outc...

"Biotherapies" include both biopharmaceuticals and cell and gene therapies. Biopharmaceuticals are macromolecules created by biotechnologies. In the case of monoclonal antibodies, the starting dose to be given to Humans is difficult to select because there may be no relevant animal model. At the time of registration, the knowledge of the mechanism of action of monoclonal antibodies is insuffici...