The accessibility of cellulase and xylanase enzymes to glucan and xylan, respectively, and its change with conversion were measured for pure Avicel glucan and poplar solids that had been pretreated by ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), dilute acid, and lime. Avicel and pretreated solids were digested to various degrees by cellulase together with beta-glucosidase...

Functionalists about consciousness identify consciousness with a role; physicalists identify consciousness with an implementer of that role. The global workspace theory of consciousness ®ts the functionalist perspective, but the physicalist sees consciousness as a biological phenomenon that implements global accessibility. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights

BACKGROUND Biomass recalcitrance is affected by a number of chemical, physical and biological factors. In this study we looked into the differences in recalcitrance between two major anatomical fractions of wheat straw biomass, leaf and stem. A set of twenty-one wheat cultivars was fractionated and illustrated the substantial variation in leaf-to-stem ratio between cultivars. The two fractions ...

The recent publication of ISO 9241-171, ISO 9241-20, and the User Needs Summary of the ISO/IEC JTC1 Special Working Group on Accessibility (SWG-A) each provide guidance and understanding to support the needs of users with disabilities and improve the accessibility of technology. These documents, among others, provide new understanding of accessible computing systems for all users. However, the ...

We propose a way of performing model checking analysis for biological systems. The technics were developed for a CTL* logic built upon Ambient Calculus. We introduce labeled syntax trees for ambient processes and use them as possible worlds in a Kripke structure developed for a propositional branching temporal logic. The accessibility relation over labeled syntax trees is generated by the reduc...

A unique characteristic of the post-genome drug discovery and development process is the accessibility of a wide range of highly parallel and high-throughput experimental tools that are generating huge amounts of diverse data, including sequence data, chemical structure information, biological activity patterns and global expression profiles in mRNA, protein and other molecular levels. Integrat...

'Footprinting' describes assays in which ligand binding or structure formation protects polymers such as nucleic acids and proteins from either cleavage or modification; footprinting allows the accessibility of individual residues to be mapped in solution. Equilibrium and time-dependent footprinting links site-specific structural information with thermodynamic and kinetic transitions. The hydro...