A new theoretical approach is proposed to predict a practical upper limit to the efficiency of a very large wind farm. The new theory suggests that the efficiency of ideal turbines in an ideal very large wind farm depends primarily on a non-dimensional parameter λ/Cf0, where λ is the ratio of the rotor swept area to the land area (for each turbine) and Cf0 is a natural friction coefficient obse...

As a consequence of nascent technology, the 19th century witnessed a profound change in orientation to the nervous system. For example, improved microscopy in the first half of the 19th century allowed high magnification without blurring. The subsequent observation of nucleated cells led to the identification of individual brain cells. Philosophical changes in approach to the natural sciences t...

The contribution of this paper is the formulation of the wind farm power maximization problem as a multi-stage dynamic programming problem. This formulation is made possible by introducing a state-space model to describe the evolution of the wind velocity profile as a function of the free-stream wind velocity and the wind turbine control variables. This state-space model is coupled with a multi...

The neocortex of primates contains several distinct neuron subtypes. Among these, Betz cells of primary motor cortex and Meynert cells of primary visual cortex are of particular interest for their potential role in specialized sensorimotor adaptations of primates. Betz cells are involved in setting muscle tone prior to fine motor output and Meynert cells participate in the processing of visual ...

Apical dendrites of Betz cells are important sites for the integration of cortical input, however their health has not been fully assessed in ALS patients. We investigated the primary motor cortices isolated from post-mortem normal control subjects, patients with familial ALS (fALS), sporadic ALS (sALS), ALS with frontotemporal dementia (FTD-ALS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and found profoun...

results the mean number and size of betz cells in the stressed group decreased significantly compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). qualitative observations revealed chromatolysis of nissl bodies, nucleus condensation, and a decrease in neural processes. the mean number of apoptotic cells in the stressed group were also significantly increased compared to that of the control group (...

20 (1993) Cell 74, 947-950 Geppert, M., Goda, Y., Hammer, R. I;., Li, C., Rosahl, T. W., Stevens, C. F. and Sudhof, T. C. (1994) Cell 79, 717-727 Schiavo, G., Gmachl, M. J. S., Stenbeck G., Sollner, T. €1. and Rothman, J. E. (1995) Nature (London) 378, 733-736 O’Connor, V., Augustine, G. J. and Betz, H. (1994) Cell 76, 785-787 Zhang, J. Z., Davletov, B. A., Sudhof, T. C. and Anderson, R. G. W. ...

Fifty-nine mutants with reduced ability to cleave the chymotrypsin substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine P-naphthyl ester have been isolated in S. cerevisiae. All have reduced levels of one o r more of the three well-characterized proteinases in yeast. All have reduced levels of proteinase C (carboxypeptidase Y). These mutations define 16 complementation groups. HREE proteinases that have been ch...