At the Berlin MACE (Modern Agriculture in Central and Eastern Europe) Conference in January 2007, I offered some general thoughts on the crafting of institutional arrangements to further the economic transformations now underway in Central and Eastern Europe. In that paper I observed that many countries are now in the “third wave” of institutional change [Bromley, 2007]. The first wave began du...

(5) The limited access zone shall remain in place until the wall is adequately supported to prevent overturning and to prevent collapse unless the height of wall is over eight feet, in which case, the limited access zone shall remain in place until the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section have been met. (b) All masonry walls over eight feet in height shall be adequately braced to preve...

A high-order accurate shock- and interface-capturing scheme is used to simulate the collapse of a gas bubble in water. In order to better understand the damage caused by collapsing bubbles, the dynamics of the shock-induced and Rayleigh collapse of a bubble near a planar rigid surface and in a free field are analysed. Collapse times, bubble displacements, interfacial velocities and surface pres...

The shock-induced collapse of a pre-existing nucleus near a solid surface in the focal region of a lithotripter is investigated. The entire flow field of the collapse of a single gas bubble subjected to a lithotripter pulse is simulated using a high-order accurate shock- and interface-capturing scheme, and the wall pressure is considered as an indication of potential damage. Results from the co...

The investigation of damage to buildings in terms of non-structural walls collapse in the past earthquakes have caused researchers to study the seismic behavior of walls more extensively. Furthermore, seismic design codes have considered using wall posts to prevent wall damage, however, not many studies were done on seismic behavior change in structures due to the addition of wall posts. Theref...

Wall reinforcement in xylem conduits is thought to prevent wall implosion by negative pressures, but direct observations of xylem geometry during water stress are still largely lacking. In this study, we have analyzed the changes in xylem geometry during water stress in needles of four pine species (Pinus spp.). Dehydrated needles were frozen with liquid nitrogen, and xylem cross sections were ...

Progressive collapse is defined as the spread of an initial damage from one member to another, leading to extensive partial or total collapse of the structure. In this research, the potential of progressive collapse due to a sudden removal of vertical load-bearing elements in reinforced concrete buildings structures with different floor plans such as geometrical regular and irregular floor plan...