Recently, scholars from law and political science have introduced metrics which use only election outcomes (and not district geometry) to assess the presence of partisan gerrymandering. The most high-profile example of such a tool is the efficiency gap. Some scholars have suggested that such tools should be sensitive enough to alert us when two election outcomes have the same percentage of vote...

In this paper we prove that if $X $ is a Banach space, then for every lower semi-continuous bounded below function $f, $ there exists a $left(varphi_1, varphi_2right)$-convex function $g, $ with arbitrarily small norm,  such that $f + g $ attains its strong minimum on $X. $ This result extends some of the  well-known varitional principles as that of Ekeland [On the variational principle,  J. Ma...

In contrast to the efficiency-centric designs that are more prevalent today, we advocate a view of system design based on a holistic view of available resources. This view is embodied in what we call the Buffet principle: continue using additional resources as long as the marginal benefit is more than the marginal cost of using the resources. We illustrate through several examples how this seem...

although ‘allāma ḥillī and shaykh anṣārī have pointed out the feature of confirmation (iḥrāz) in some of the practical principles, its refinement has been one of mīrzā-yi nā’īnī’s initiatives. he divided the practical principles into “confirming and non-confirming. the confirming principle determines the practical duty of the religiously ccountable (mukallaf) in view of reality, such as: istiṣḥ...

the principle of formality –free protection is an international principle in the copyright and it was stabilized in the berne convention. but this principle has not been studied in iran and evaluation of the principle is very vital because easier access to the works and fair trial. recent paper has attempted to study this principle in light of the berne convention and analyzes and interprets th...

occurred recency principle and recency proving   saber khalilnejad kiasari [1]   abstract: this article is to investigate one of the practical principles of methodology and jurisprudence as well as occurred recency principle. this principle is at work to clarify many issues concerned with the priority and recency of two carrying judicial and legal effects. here, through explaining the purpose o...

The efficient-markets hypothesis was formulated in the early 1960s, when Cournot’s principle was no longer widely understood and accepted as a philosophical foundation for probability theory. A revival of Cournot’s principle can help us distinguish clearly among different aspects of market efficiency. Glenn Shafer is Professor in the Rutgers Business School Newark and New Brunswick, 180 Univers...

Public authorities often invoke the precautionary principle to ban or postpone the development of innovative projects with uncertain but potentially harmful irreversible impacts on the environment or health. As stated in the Rio declaration, the precautionary principle suggests balancing costs and benefits associated with irreversible decisions while taking account of the perspective to acquire...