this paper addresses the design of an observer-based fault diagnosis scheme, which is applied to some of the sensors and actuators of a wind turbine benchmark model. the methodology is based on a modified sliding mode observer (smo) that allows accurate reconstruction of multiple sensor or actuator faults occurring simultaneously. the faults are reconstructed using the equivalent output error i...

We argue that the pervasive practice of evaluating portfolio managers relative to a benchmark has real effects. Benchmarking generates additional, inelastic demand for assets inside benchmark. This leads “benchmark inclusion subsidy:” firm values an investment project more than one outside. The same wedge arises valuing M&A, spinoffs, and IPOs. overturns proposition investment’s value is indepe...