Independence is achieved by using the extended extracellular fluid (Ecf) for dilution of hemoglobin (cHbB), reducing cHbB to cHbB / 3 (in the fetus to 1/4). Correction of ctHB from the normally low fetal oxygen saturation by reoxygenation of Hb increases ctHB resulting in four different variables: ctHB,act (= BEB), ctHEcf,act (Standard BE), ctHB,ox. and ctHEcf,ox. The question is which variable...

The introduction of the micro-Astrup technique (Siggaard Andersen, Engel, J0rgensen, and Astrup, 1960) with the subsequent modification of the nomogram (Siggaard Andersen, 1962) has given a rapid and simple method for separating the respiratory and metabolic components of acid-base equilibrium in the blood. Arterialized capillary blood from a heel stab has been used for the estimation ofpH and ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Arterial base excess and lactate levels are key parameters in the assessment of critically ill patients. The use of venous blood gas analysis may be of clinical interest when no arterial blood is available initially. METHODS Twenty-four pigs underwent progressive normovolaemic haemodilution and subsequent progressive haemorrhage until the death of the animal. Base exc...

A description of the acid-base status of arterial blood includes three values : pH, carbon dioxide tension (pC0,) and base excess (BE). pH, normally about 7.40 (7.36 to 7.42), changes by changing pC0, as well as by accumulation of non-volatile acid or base. The p H value is practically always determined directly by means of the glass electrode. pC02, normally about 40 mm Hg (33 to 47), is inver...