This paper focuses on the engineering trade-offs in designing capacitor voltage balancing schemes for modular multilevel converters (MMC) HVDC: regulation performance and switching loss. MMC is driven by the on/off switch operation of numerous submodules and the key design concern is balancing submodule capacitor voltages minimizing switching transition among submodules because it represents th...

Objectives To assess how often stratified randomisation is used, whether analysis adjusted for all balancing variables, and whether the method of randomisation was adequately reported, and to reanalyse a previously reported trial to assess the impact of ignoring balancing factors in the analysis. DesignReview of published trials and reanalysis of a previously reported trial. Setting Four leadin...

OBJECTIVES To assess how often stratified randomisation is used, whether analysis adjusted for all balancing variables, and whether the method of randomisation was adequately reported, and to reanalyse a previously reported trial to assess the impact of ignoring balancing factors in the analysis. DESIGN Review of published trials and reanalysis of a previously reported trial. SETTING Four l...

The purpose of this paper is to present protocols for efficient load balancing across replicated multimedia servers in a Metropolitan Area Network. Current multimedia infrastructures, even when they use mirrored servers, do not have standardized load balancing schemes. Existing schemes frequently require participation from the clients in balancing the load across the servers efficiently. We pro...

with the growth in customers’ demand diversification, mixed-model u-lines (mmul) have acquired increasing importance in the area of assembly systems. there are generally two different approaches in the literature for balancing such systems. some researchers believe that since the types of models can be very diverse, a balancing approach without simultaneously sequencing of models will not yield...

Balancing loss is the quantification of the lack of balance in a production line, defined as the percentage of time not used for productive purposes with the total time invested in making a product. The importance of this measure lies in its ability to assess perhaps the most problematic of all the detailed design decisions in product layout, namely that of line balanc ing . Achieving a perfect...

Hotspots of energy consumption and network congestions can be caused by load imbalance among sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. This may lead to loss of data packets and premature death of sensor nodes which may cause the premature death of entire network. Load-balancing techniques can prolong the lifetime of sensor networks and avoid the occurrence of packet congestions. This paper prop...