Judges are afforded considerable discretion in decision-making. Through their exercise of discretion, judges construct society's notion of crime and justice. This study examined 61 lay judges' bail decision-making in the English criminal justice system. The law states that in particular cases decisions to grant bail or remand in custody should be based on the risk of a defendant absconding, off...

The conditions under which an individual accused of a crime can remain at liberty prior to the resolution of the criminal charge against him have evolved over time in the American system of criminal justice.' For most of this country's history, pretrial release conditions were almost exclusively defined in financial terms, i.e., the amount of "bail" a defendant or his surety was required to ple...

Suggestion.?By L. Tuckky. Demy 8voPages xiv and 413. Price 21 jnet. London, 1921: Bail,ue;re, Tindaij, and Cox. This book has reached the Seventh Edition and so has obviously been very popular. .The reason for its popularity will be apparent to all who read the volume. It contains numerous accounts of interesting cases in which treatment by suggestion has been of service. These are given ' with...

Bail-out, bail-in, or restructuring? In this article, we argue that restructuring has its rightful place in macro crises, such as the Covid pandemic. A policy primarily focuses on insolvency avoidance and bail-outs is misled it creates unwanted risk incentives, distorts market selection resource allocation, reduces beneficial transformative pressure. As a crisis typically goes hand with new fun...

Macro-prudential policy is concerned with mitigating system wide risks arising from negative externalities from monetary and financial activities. The need to design a Pigou tax to control systemic risk from financial intermediaries (FIs) has come to the forefront after extensive tax payer bail outs in the aftermath of the 2007 financial crisis. Holistic visualization of the financial system us...

This paper shows that bonus contracts may arise endogenously as a response to agency problems within banks, and analyzes how compensation schemes change in reaction to anticipated bail-outs. If there is a risk-shifting problem, bail-out expectations lead to steeper bonus schemes and even more risk-taking. If there is an effort problem, the compensation scheme becomes flatter and effort decrease...