Hyper Immunoglobulin M (hyper IgM) is a rare immunodeficiency disorder first reported in 1961[1], characterized by recurrent infections with low levels of serum IgA, IgG and IgE and normal to high levels of serum IgM[1]. Onset of manifestation of X-linked HIGM occurs in the 1st or 2nd year of life with recurrent pyogenic infections especially of upper and lower respiratory tract and diarrhea in...

Aeromonas spp. are autochthonous in the aquatic ecosystem and some of them has been increasingly found, in patients with various diseases like enteritis, wound infection and even septicemia in amphibians, reptiles, frog, fish and in patients with impaired immunity. There are different virulence factors like aerolysin, hemolysins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins, proteolytic activity, lipolytic activit...

Macrolide antibiotics are well known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This article provides an overview of the biological mechanisms through which macrolides exert this ‘double effect’. Their antibacterial effect consists of the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, impaired bacterial biofilm synthesis, and the attenuation of other bacterial virulence factors. Apar...

Macrolide antibiotics are well known for their antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. This article provides an overview of the biological mechanisms through which macrolides exert this ‘double effect’. Their antibacterial effect consists of the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, impaired bacterial biofilm synthesis, and the attenuation of other bacterial virulence factors. Apar...