objectives this study examined the frequency of using alcohol and substances among students of islamic azad university in zahedan in 2012. patients and methods this cross-sectional study included 1,014 students studying at the islamic azad university, zahedan, using cluster sampling and distribution based on gender, college, and graduate level using the high-risk behaviors questionnaire. demogr...

drug abuse and its crimes is one of the biggest problems in all countries, including iran. according to available statistics more than half of the prisoners in connection with drug remain in jail as increasing numbers of addicts and various anomalies of addiction in the community marker lack of effectiveness of the preventive measures taken in the country. accordingly, given the need to determi...

epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders which a physician might come across in his career life. on the other hand, migraine is common disorders in society chronic headache such as migraine in epileptic patients give ride to difficulties in seizure treatment due to altering the sleeping pattern and calmness disarrangement. therefore, early diagnosis and suitable treatment in ep...

mothers exposed to antiepileptic drugs (aeds) are at high risk to born babies with orofacial malformations such as cleft lips. about 9 percent of congenital abnormalities in babies of mothers with epilepsy relates to orofacial abnormalities. maintaining safe antiepileptic drugs for millions of mothers with epilepsy is very important. researches show that new aeds have less side effects than the...

conclusions a review of the literature on the use of hypnotic drugs in patients with liver dysfunction showed that some hypnotic drugs used during anesthesia could be safely used in patients with impaired liver function. in these patients, certain drugs should be used with caution. results anesthesia should be performed with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction and drugs with long half-...

conclusions the current study showed significant association between the rosenberg self-esteem test results and smoking, and illegal drug abuse like heroin, pills, alcohol, nas, and other substances. therefore, increasing self-esteem is essential for preventing the adolescents’ emotional and behavioral disorders. this fact could guide us to the new approaches for smoking and drug-abuse preventi...

background and aims: diabetic nephropathy (dn) is the most common cause of end-stage renal failure which could increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and morbidity and mortality in patients. the aim of this study was to investigate new modalities for treatment of diabetic nephropathy. methods:this study was a mini-review research to investigate drugs that are used for dn treatment. results...

in this investigation wer studied the effect of dopaminergic system on the conflict behavior in rat, using vogel’s test. the related drugs were injected intraperitonealy (ip), and produced the following results:diazepam at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg increased the lick –shock responses in the vogel’s thest. quinpirole (d2-agnosit), at doses of 0.1 and 10 mg/kg, increased the confict responses, whe...

rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the sequestration of various leukocyte subpopulations within both the developing pannus and synovial space. this study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic potency of tindurin in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. collagen-induced arthritis (cia) was induced by intradermally immunization of lewis rats at the base of th...

The thionamide drugs, i.e. carbimazole and its metabolite methimazole (MMI), andpropylthiouracil (PTU) have extensively been used in the management of various forms ofhyperthyroidism over the past eight decades. This review aims to summarize different aspectsof these outstanding medications. Thionamides have shown their own acceptable efficacy andeven safety profiles in ...