BACKGROUND Culture affects the way people conceptualize causes of severe mental disturbance which may lead to a variation in the preferred intervention methods. There is a seemingly dichotomous belief regarding what causes severe mental disturbance: people living in western countries tend to focus mainly on biological and psychosocial risk factors; whereas, in non-western countries the focus is...

Introduction: Abusing drugs such as morphine continues to be a serious medical and social problem. Defining a habit that increases the devastating effect such as compulsive use and craving is necessary. Methods: This experiment was designed in four groups 1) group-housed (GH) 2) isolation 3) group-housed morphine-treated (GHMT) (4) isolated-housed morphine-treated (IHMT). Rats were received mor...

What constitutes a "mental disorder" for purposes of the insanity defense? Does mental disorder denote any diagnosable condition listed in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders? Is a mental disorder a disturbance wherein the functional criteria of the appropriate insanity law appear to be met? Or does insanity law define mental disorder apart from functi...

P sleep disturbance exemplifies the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV-TR) nosological paradigm, “Sleep Disorder Related to Another Mental Disorder.” According to the DSM-IV-TR criteria (see Figure 1), this disorder “involves a prominent complaint of sleep disturbance that results from a diagnosable mental disorder but that is sufficiently severe to warrant independent cl...

silence is one of the most important elements in mystical theology, generally, and in negative theology, particularly. silence is the last stage to which the mystic or the mystical theologian reaches in talking of god. in this stage, all the linguistic methods of the mystic disappear. in this paper, firstly, we will discuss the central role of the silence in the rumi’s works. then we will argue...

introduction: mental foramen (mf) is an important anatomic landmark in dentistry and knowledge about its variable locations (l) and type of emergence (te), has an effect on the sufficiency of local anesthesia and safety of surgical procedures. the aim of this study was to evaluate the l and te of this radiographic landmark as well as the presence of accessory mf, by means of cone-beam computed ...

BACKGROUND The aims of the study was to assess the prevalence of diagnosed insomnia and the agreement between patient- and clinician-reported sleep disturbance and use of prescribed hypnotic medication in patients in treatment for mental disorders. METHODS We used three cross-sectional, multicenter data-sets from 2002, 2005, and 2008. Data-set 1 included diagnostic codes from 93% of all patie...