Based on the synergetic approach, the theory of a single avalanche formation is presented for the simplest sandpile model. The stationary values of sand velocity, slope and avalanche intensity are derived as functions of control parameter (externally driven sandpile tilt). The statistical ensemble of avalanche intensities is considered to investigate diffusion in ultrametric space of hierarchic...

Snow avalanche paths are major geomorphic features in the Rocky Mountains of Glacier National Park, Montana. They are the most common and geographically widespread form of mass-wasting in the central portion of the park. Field work and aerialphoto studies identified over 800 such paths in the study area. Other mass-wasting phenomena are also common. Snow avalanche path directions in the study a...

Previous studies have investigated the incidence of traumatic injury in avalanche victims. But the relationship between these injuries and the terrain that produces them remains largely unknown. The goal of this study was to examine the prevalence of traumatic injury among historical avalanche victims and to evaluate the correlation with terrain features generally regarded to be traps. An analy...

Reported avalanche fatalities in the United States increased markedly through the latter half of the twentieth century, a result of the increasing popularity of winter sports. Despite this increase, the literature concerning US avalanche fatalities is sparse. This paper presents a comparison of three US databases containing avalanche fatality information: Storm Data, the West Wide Avalanche Net...

Differences between avalanche experts and novices have long been cited as a key issue in designing effective avalanche education, yet few investigations have quantitatively explored these differences. In this study, we examine how self-reported training, knowledge, skills, and behavior differ between avalanche experts and novices. From 2002 to 2004, we surveyed 300 avalanche professionals and w...

The best way to reduce avalanche accidents, is good avalanche forecasting, warning and education. Avalanches are influenced by a large variety of different factors, that have to be taken into consideration. Understanding the cross linking between these factors is very important but not easy to explain in books or verbally. A CD-ROM provides an ideal and up-to date medium of presenting and illus...

This paper presents a novel analytical technique of examining the avalanche characteristics of cryptographic substitution boxes (s-boxes) using the Walsh Hadamard spectral analysis of their Boolean maps. Avalanche is a desirable cryptographic property that is necessary to ensure that a cipher is not susceptible to statistical attacks and small difference between two plaintexts results in a sign...

The purpose of the present paper is to propose a new method for avalanche hazard mapping using a combination of statistical and deterministic modelling tools. The methodology is based on frequency-weighted impact pressure, and uses an avalanche dynamics model embedded within a statistical framework. The outlined procedure provides a useful way for avalanche experts to produce hazard maps for th...

Numerical modeling of correlated single-electron tunneling in uniform two-dimensional arrays of small conducting islands separated by tunnel junctions shows the possibility of soliton-antisoliton avalanches. Though the time duration of any avalanche and the total charge, DQ5ne , transferred across the array during the avalanche are always finite in arrays with length N larger than certain criti...