This paper reviews theoretical and empirical literature on the measurement of the major automobile externalities, namely local pollution, global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestion and traffic accidents. It then dicusses the rationale for traditional policies to address these externalities, including fuel taxes, fuel economy standards, emissions standards and related policies. Finally...

For engineering and production systems, due to the structural dependence between components, disassembly operation caused by replacement of components will affect failure degradation processes other in system. In order optimize extended warranty (EW) cost multi‐component system with dependence, this paper described modeled impact, then rate model component considering impact under EW was develo...

Modeling the dependence among multiple loss triangles has important implications for the determination of loss reserves, a critical element of risk management and capital allocation practices of property-casualty insurers. In this article, we propose a copula regression model for dependent lines of business that can be used to predict unpaid losses and hence determine loss reserves. The propose...

As a series of political objectives converge and call for enhanced domestic automobile fuel efficiency, it is time to reassess the United States Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards and compare future options for limiting gasoline consumption. Unlike the situation in 1975 when CAFE standards were first imposed to limit America’s oil dependence, now the greatest motive is to curb gree...

The LONG (Longitudinal Oriented Normative time Gap compensation) concept describes a lighting system that enhances the conspicuity of motorcycles by enhancing the ability of oncoming drivers to evaluate the distance and speed of a motorcycle equipped with lighting in the LONG configuration. It is based on the hypothesis that a motorcycle observed at the same distance and speed as an automobile ...

Introduction As the environmental, social, and health costs of sprawling, automobile dependent development patterns become well understood, accessibility, or walkability, becomes a significant goal of planners, policy makers, and citizens. Our current planning environment is one of auto-mobility, which has the goal of reducing the cost per mile of travel within a metropolitan area. An automobil...

BACKGROUND Automobile exhaust contains precursors to ozone and fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5), posing health risks. Dependency on car commuting also reduces physical fitness opportunities. OBJECTIVE In this study we sought to quantify benefits from reducing automobile usage for short urban and suburban trips. METHODS We simulated census-tract level chan...

Currently, from the statistical analysis of accidents at home and abroad, the number of automobile defects and the resulting automobile accidents are very large. Obviously, the automobile defects have become one of the main factors affecting traffic safety, and risk assessment as an automobile key technical defect of risk management, the elimination of defects and reduce automobile accidents ar...

this study took an epidemiological approach toward the problem of drug addiction in tehran. the subjects were 300 addicts chosen on the basis of stratified random selection out of the population of 3627 prisoners who were all proven addicts and sentenced to imprisonment by the court in the year 1370. a descriptive survey showed that drug addiction generally, and heroin addiction specifically, i...

We propose a Multi-Agent framework to analyze the dynamics of organizational survival in cooperation networks. Firms can decide to cooperate horizontally (in the same market) or vertically with other firms that belong to the supply chain. Cooperation decisions are based on economic variables. We have defined a variant of the density dependence model to set up the dynamics of the survival in the...