Abstract. The interannual variability of snow cover in alpine areas is increasing, which may affect the tightly coupled cycles carbon and water through snow–vegetation–atmosphere interactions across a range spatio-temporal scales. To explore role for land–atmosphere exchange CO2 vapor tundra ecosystems, we combined 3 years (2019–2021) continuous eddy covariance flux measurements net ecosystem (...

Enormous strides have been made towards the goal of operational predictions of seasonal and interannual climate fluctuations, especially as regards the phenomenon El Niño. To initialize models, measurements are available from an impressive array of instruments that monitor the tropical Pacific continually; coupled general circulation models of the ocean and atmosphere are already capable of rep...

A fundamental question about the surface of Mars is whether it was ever conducive to life in the past, which is related to the broader questions of how the planet’s atmosphere evolved over time and whether past climates supported widespread liquid water. Taken together, geochemical data and models support the view that much of the original atmospheric inventory was lost to space before about 3....