Proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) frequently need to be quantified in large numbers of samples in food, plant, and environmental studies. An automated colorimetric method to quantify proanthocyanidins with sulfuric acid (H(2)SO(4)) was therefore developed for use in a continuous flow analyzer. Assay conditions were optimized using 50% methanol extracts of paper birch, sugar maple, and quaki...

This review summarises the knowledge about the ecology, breeding and management of hybrid aspen (Populus wettsteinii Hämet-Ahti P. tremula L. P. tremuloides Michx.). The review is restricted mainly to Northern Europe, where hybrid aspen has been most intensively studied and cultivated and where it has proved to be one of the fastest-growing hardwoods, suitable for the production of pulpand ener...

• A pre-combustion process based on [P 2228 ][CNPyr] was modelled and optimized. 80 operating configurations were techno-economic evaluated. Suitable pressures temperatures allowed minimizing capital operational costs. Direct costs lower than U.S. Department of Energy’s 40$/t CO2 goal achieved. H 2 production processes from steam methane reforming combined cycle power plants require carbon diox...

Elevated levels of CO2 affect plant growth and leaf chemistry, which in turn can alter host plant suitability for insect herbivores. We examined the suitability of foliage from trees grown from seedlings since 1997 at Aspen FACE as diet for the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae: paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall) in 2004-2005, and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloi...

to evaluate the nutritive value in some lignocellulosic materials, 3 sets of experiments were conducted on aspen, and grape woods. to enhance the digestibility, the woods were treated with 5% naoh. throughout the first trial, chemical composition and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter and ndf of experimental feeds, ph of rumen, as well as palatability were evaluated while ...

Limited research of heat integration has been conducted in the oleochemical field. This paper attempts to evaluate performance an existing exchanger network (HEN) plant at 600 tonnes per day (TPD) Malaysia, which emphases are placed on annual saving and reduction energy consumption. Using commercial HEN numerical software, ASPEN Energy Analyzer v10.0, it was found that current place is excellen...

The continued development and testing of the Top Hat Electric Propulsion Plume Analyzer (TOPAZ) is presented for high-powered electric propulsion far-field plume diagnostics. TOPAZ incorporates a ‘top hat’ design with an analyzer constant of 100 resulting in a wide energy range and a high energy resolution. The design of the electrostatic and mass analyzer sections for TOPAZ is described. The k...