© 2005 American Institute of Physics, S-0031-9228-0512-010-9 N explicit engagement with the philosophy of science plays almost no role in the training of physicists or in physics research. What little the student learns about philosophical issues is typically learned casually, by a kind of intellectual osmosis. One picks up ideas and opinions in the lecture hall, in the laboratory, and in colla...

Suhrawardi was a philosopher and Sufi who robustly influenced the development of sciences. With his philosophy illumination (Hikmah al-Ishraq), he proposed concept hudhuri epistemology by which fought against domination rationalistic skeptical peripatetic that ultimately negated all forms metaphysics. This paper aims to reveal Suhrawardi's epistemology, anxiety criticism validity problem philos...

Gutoku Shinran 愚禿親鸞 (1173–1263) is one of Japan’s most creative and influential thinkers. He the (posthumous) founder what ultimately became Jōdo Shinshū, better known today as Shin Buddhism, widely practiced form Buddhism in Japan. Despite this, his work has not received global attention other historical Japanese philosophical figures such Kūkai 空海 (774–835) or Dōgen 道元 (1200–1253). The relati...