introduction payment system is any organized arrangement for transferring monetary value leading to discharge and settlement of obligation. negotiable instruments in their special meaning are tradable documents that can be used as means of payment in commercial and consuming trades and are considered as non-cash payment system among the monetary transferring systems. the negotiable instruments ...

Financial instruments are one of the fundamental dimensions of financial markets that guarantee their efficiency and effectiveness of these markets. These instruments playe a main role in economy to direct money from saving sources to investment needs. These instruments provide possibility of financing companies from public and private sources and also are considered as investment instruments f...

White organic light emitting diodes (white-OLEDs) have shown the potential to replace commercial sources for lighting applications because of their high effi ciency and superior color quality. The most conventional architectures used to maximize the performances of such devices consist in the employment of three kinds of emitting phosphorescent or fl uorescent molecules and modifi ed glass subs...

commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a corporation, typically for financing working capital and meeting short-term liabilities. it is one of the most important financial instruments that constitute a significant portion of issued debt securities in financial markets. nevertheless, commercial paper, like many other conventional financial instruments, has been st...

in most contemporary legal systems, beside of the ostensible commercial company, there are somekind of occult commercial company, like 'joint ventures, in english law and societe en participation, in franch law, that is necessary for both internal and international commercial practice. in our legal system there is not a legal commercial institution for the same purpose. in modern time with...