Animal manure comprises an important reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), but the variation in ARGs during anaerobic digestion at various temperatures and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. Thus, we performed anaerobic digestion using dairy manure at three temperature levels (moderate: 20 °C, mesophilic: 35 °C, and thermophilic: 55 °C), to analyze the dynamics of ARGs and bac...

BACKGROUND Soil bacteria naturally produce antibiotics as a competitive mechanism, with a concomitant evolution, and exchange by horizontal gene transfer, of a range of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Surveys of bacterial resistance elements in edaphic systems have originated primarily from human-impacted environments, with relatively little information from remote and pristine environments, ...

†These authors have contributed equally to this work. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment have paid great concern due to their health risk. We investigated antibiotics concentrations (tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones), ARGs abundances (tetracycline, sulfonamide, and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes), and bacterial community composition in sed...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water used for irrigation in the Werribee River Basin, Australia, including river water and reclaimed effluent water (reclaimed water). Samples of reclaimed water, collected over a one-year period, were screened for the occurrence of ARGs using PCR detection assays. The presence of ARGs in the r...

High concentrations of residual arsanilic acid occur in pig manure due to its use in feed to promote growth and control diseases. This study compared the effects of arsanilic acid at three concentrations (0, 325, and 650mg/kg dry pig manure) on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the microbial community during anaerobic digestion. Addition of 650mg/kg arsanilic acid enhanced...

The repeated alternation control structure causes its argument co-expression to be repeatedly activated until it has no more results. It's worth remembering that |@C generates all the results that the expression for C generates. This procedure can be generalized to take an arbitrary number of arguments: procedure Galt(args) local C every C := !args do suspend |@C end For example, the result seq...

Function-described graphs (FDGs) have been introduced very recently as a representation of an ensemble of attributed relational graphs (ARGs) for structural pattern recognition 1, 2]. In this paper, the relationship between FDGs and Random Graphs 3] is analysed and the synthesis process of FDGs is studied, whereas the matching process between FDGs and ARGs is discussed elsewhere 4]. Two procedu...

This study explores antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) as emerging environmental contaminants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ARGs in various environmental compartments in northern Colorado, including Cache La Poudre (Poudre) River sediments, irrigation ditches, dairy lagoons, and the effluents of wastewater recycling and drinking water treatment plants. Addition...

Argumentation Frameworks Dung s Abstract Argumentation framework * AF = (Args, Attack) where Attack Args Args Calculus of opposition applied to determine winning arguments A1 A2 A3 (publish) (not political) (political) (Args, Attack) abstracts from underlying logic based definition of Args and Attack Args = proofs of conclusions (claims) Attack = logic specific definition of conflict x * P. M. ...

Video games, as an evolving medium, present specific challenges to preservation, and with the introduction of newer technologies, these difficulties are ever increasing. Augmented Reality Games (ARGs) present challenges unique to the technologies implemented within them, blending the physical world with the virtual world, the socializing factors embedded in play, and the increasingly network-di...