BACKGROUND Patients with moderate to severe ptosis are often considered poor candidates for nipple-sparing mastectomy. This results from the perceived risk of nipple necrosis and/or the inability of the reconstructive surgeon to reliably and effectively reposition the nipple-areola complex on the breast mound after mastectomy. METHODS A retrospective review identified patients with grade II/I...

OBJECTIVE The combination of a single pedicle local flap with tattooing for complete nipple areola complex (NAC) reconstruction is currently the most supported method. Although many technical descriptions of NAC reconstruction exist in the medical literature, there are no data that define the ideal areola size (diameter of the areola) after bilateral mastectomy and breast reconstruction conside...

BACKGROUND The role of nipple discharge cytology (NDc) in the surgical management of breast cancer patients is unclear. We aimed: (i) to evaluate the effect of malignant NDc on the surgical approach to the nipple-areola complex, and (ii) to verify the association between malignant NDc and nipple malignancy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a case series of 139 patients with NDc who underwe...

BACKGROUND To describe a mammoplasty technique that we called "Florentine Lily" because of the shape of the pre-operative drawings similarity with the symbol lily Florentine. METHODS In a group of 190 women who underwent reductive mammoplasty, 23 women affected by severe enlarged breasts were selected. Main selection requirements were: 18-30 cm rising of the Areola-Nipple Complex (NAC). RES...

Gynecomastia correction is the most common breast surgery in males. Surgical reduction is indicated in Grade IIB and Grade III gynecomastia in Simon’s classification. A circumareolar incision may chosen according to skin and areolar excess. Achieving a symmetrical nipple-areola complex is one of the major goals of the reduction surgery. The average areola diameter of males is measured as 2.67– ...

Objective: We describe a modification of the inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty for oncoplastic reconstruction of a central tumor defect. Our technique involved a deepithelialized L-shaped medial inferior based flap with removal of lateral breast tissue after central lumpectomy with a contralateral Wise-pattern mastopexy with inferior pedicle for symmetry. This technique is ideal for patien...

ABSTRACT Objectives: to construct and validate a classification of nipple areola complex lesions resulting from breastfeeding, according content appearance. Methods: this is methodological study, developed in four stages: operational definition, instrument construction, appearance validation. The Delphi technique Likert-type scale were used appearance, through the participation ten sixteen judg...

BACKGROUND Mammary Paget's disease and extramammary Paget's disease are neoplastic conditions, in which there is intraepithelial (usually intraepidermal) infiltration by neoplastic cells showing glandular differentiation. Mammary Paget's disease occurs exclusively on the nipple/areola complex from where it may spread to the surrounding skin. CASE PRESENTATION We here describe a case of Paget'...

Nevoid hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola (NHNA) is a rare clinicopathological entity showing persistent and strictly localized hyperkeratotic lesions of the nipple, areola or both with unknown etiopathogenesis. A similar clinical appearance may also be seen in different diseases with specific histopathological features. There are a few anecdotal reports on the association of NHNA with myc...

Abstract Background To date, studies on periareolar dermis release have recorded the areola sensitivity as a mean. Despite being clinically reported by patients, specific points of may present sensitivities not detected when researchers only consider mean values. Objectives The aim this study was to determine pressure at nipple-areola complex and compare these values with value measured in areo...