The right interpretation of subjective probability is implicit in the theories of upper and lower odds, and upper and lower previsions, developed, respectively, by Cedric Smith (1961) and Peter Walley (1991). On this interpretation you are free to assign contingent events the probability 1 (and thus to employ conditionalization as a method of probability revision) without becoming vulnerable to...

The subject of this work is such an important one that we welcome this second edition as evidence of the steady advance of surgery in the treatment of a very distressing form of disease. The "further improvements" foretold by the author, in the preface of the first edition, have been made in discarding operations which experience has shown to be of doubtful utility. The keynote to a correct und...

This paper shows empirically that China’s trade balance is sensitive to fluctuations in the real effective exchange rate of the renminbi. However, the current size of the trade surplus is such that exchange rate policy alone will probably not be able to address the imbalance. The potential reduction in the trade surplus resulting from an increase in the renminbi exchange rate is limited mainly ...

background & objectives: fasting in the month of ramadan has several positive effects on the emotional and mental state and improves happiness in the community. this study aimed to investigate the effects of fasting on the level of happiness in the general population. materials and methods: in this study, we used pretest-posttest analysis to evaluate the hypothesis, and the study population con...

abstract this research studies the relationship between students’ and teachers’ appreciation and anticipation of the classroom atmosphere and the students’ educational promotion. to this end, 44 fifth grade classes were randomly selected from kashan city out of each 4 boys and girls were drawn out (totally 176) together with their teachers (n=44). data were collected using social mental classro...