Despite major advances in identifying pathophysiological mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI), no definitive therapeutic or preventive modalities have been developed with the exception of dialysis. One possible approach is the control of inflammation and AKI through activation of the neuroimmune axis. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is thought to contribute to the homeostatic respo...

Background: Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) are used as a source for cell therapy in different model for neurological disorder such as stroke and spinal cord injury. However, the transdifferentiation of BMSC into cholinergic phenotype requires more investigation. Methods: BMSC were isolated from adult rats, pre-induced with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) and followed by nerve growth factor (NGF) indu...

background: galantamine is a drug used for the treatment of alzheimer’s disease and some other cognitive disorders. it is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase however, interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has also been reported. owing to the significant role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in neuro-immunomodulation, we decided to examine the effect of galantamine on tula...

BACKGROUND Indirect evidence supports a role of spinal cholinergic neurons in tonically reducing response to noxious mechanical stimulation and in effecting analgesia from alpha2-adrenergic agonists. This study directly assessed the role of cholinergic neurons in regulating the level of mechanical allodynia and in participating in the antiallodynic effect of the clinically used alpha2-adrenergi...

Puerarin, a major isoflavonoid derived from the Chinese medical herb radix puerariae (Gegen), has been reported to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and play an anti-inflammatory role in focal cerebral ischemia model rats. Recent findings regarding stroke pathophysiology have recognized that anti-inflammation is an important target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The cholinergic anti-inflammator...

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction that is secondary to an allergic inflammation and excessive smooth muscle contraction. Cholinergic signals were known to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of asthma. However, the use of anti-cholinergic agents in asthma has been justified only in acute asthma exacerbations, until tiotropium brom...

Memory decline in human aging and dementia is linked to dysfunction of the cholinergic system. Aging dogs demonstrate cognitive impairments and neuropathology that models human aging and dementia. This paper reviews recent evidence suggesting cholinergic involvement in canine cognitive aging based on studies with the anti-cholinergic drug, scopolamine, and a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor...

Background: Galantamine is a drug used for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and some other cognitive disorders. It is an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase however, interaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors has also been reported. Owing to the significant role of cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways in neuro-immunomodulation, we decided to examine the effect of galantamine on tula...

INTRODUCTION Anti-cholinergic medications have been associated with increased risks of cognitive impairment, premature mortality and increased risk of hospitalisation. Anti-cholinergic load associated with medication increases as death approaches in those with advanced cancer, yet little is known about associated adverse outcomes in this setting. METHODS A substudy of 112 participants in a ra...