Introduction: In chick embryo, endodermal component of the liver becomes split into 2 diverticula in a short time. The anterior diverticulum lies to the left of the ductus venosus and the posterior one to its right side. As the liver primordium grows, it is invaded by the embryonic veins. Based on the different incubation time periods and evolutionary origin of avian species...

Gamma Coronaviruses (GCoVs) are distributed worldwide, affecting a wide range of bird species, the beluga whale, and bottlenose dolphins. Because of the limited proofreading capability in the viral encoded polymerase, they emerge genetically diverse. There has been no molecular surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of GCOVs in avian species. The present study was conducted to detect GC...

Anthropogenic activities, such as the translocation or introduction of animals, may cause a parallel movement exotic parasites harboured by displaced animals. Although and/or relocation animals for hunting purposes is an increasingly common management technique, effects gamebird release major vehicle into new geographic regions have rarely been reported. We examined prevalence and distribution ...

The Galβ1-4Gal epitope is rarely found in mammals, and the natural antibody against Galβ1-4Gal is rich in human. In contrast, we have previously demonstrated the presence of Galβ1-4Gal in pigeon and ostrich, and the absence of this epitope in chicken. Here, to further investigate the expression of this glycan among birds, egg white glycoproteins and egg yolk IgG from nine species of birds, name...

The intensification and specialisation of agriculture has contributed to farmland wildlife decline, including birds. Grey partridge is a species which experienced significant decline across Europe in recent decades. Chick survival rate key determinant grey population change depends essentially on the availability insect food. In this study, ground-dwelling canopy-dwelling insects were collected...

Recently, DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) has gained wide attention because of simplicity and robustness of these barcodes for species identification including birds. The current GenBank records show the COI barcodes of only one species, chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), of the Alectoris genus. In this study, we sequenced the 694 bp segment of COI ge...

Infectious agents cause disease in virtually any susceptible hosts. In the poultry production and medicine, pathogens were eliminated from a line of a breeder by injection of antibiotics into hatching eggs. There is little information available describing the safety of the folate antimetabolite/sulfonamide class of antibiotics on the game birds embryonated eggs. The objective of this study was ...

Infectious agents cause disease in virtually any susceptible hosts. In the poultry production and medicine, pathogens were eliminated from a line of a breeder by injection of antibiotics into hatching eggs. There is little information available describing the safety of the folate antimetabolite/sulfonamide class of antibiotics on the game birds embryonated eggs. The objective of this study was ...

In order to study the normal haematopoiesis, cellular components and M/E ratio in the bone marrow of the partridge (Alectoris chukar), bone marrow samples were collected from the proximal tibiotarsus bone of 16 clinically healthy adult partridge (9 male and 7 female). The bone marrow smears were stained using the Giemsa stain. The results indicated that the development and formation of blood ce...

introduction: in chick embryo, endodermal component of the liver becomes split into 2 diverticula in a short time. the anterior diverticulum lies to the left of the ductus venosus and the posterior one to its right side. as the liver primordium grows, it is invaded by the embryonic veins. based on the different incubation time periods and evolutionary origin of avian species, various times for ...