The traditional view that proteins possess absolute functional specificity and a single, fixed structure conflicts with their marked ability to adapt and evolve new functions and structures. We consider an alternative, "avant-garde view" in which proteins are conformationally dynamic and exhibit functional promiscuity. We surmise that these properties are the foundation stones of protein evolva...

Dynamism was originally defined as the proportion of online versus offline orders in the literature on dynamic logistics. Such a definition however, loses meaning when considering purely dynamic problems where all customer requests arrive dynamically. Existing measures of dynamism are limited to either (1) measuring the proportion of online versus offline orders or (2) measuring urgency, a conc...

1Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Missouri; 2Fontbonne University, St Louis, Missouri, USA Correspondence: Dr Arshad R Muzaffar, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Missouri, One Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65212, USA. Telephone 573-882-2275, fax 573-884-4788, e-mail [email protected] Sphincter pharyngoplasty has shown time-tested results as a surgical treatment for...

This paper explores the relationship between economic performance and US unionism. It first focuses on what we know based on empirical research that has been handicapped by limited data on establishment and firm level collective bargaining coverage. Evidence on the relationship of unions with wages, productivity, profitability, investment, debt, employment growth, and business failures are all ...

In four-stroke apparent motion displays, pattern elements oscillate between two adjacent positions and synchronously reverse in contrast, but appear to move unidirectionally. For example, if rightward shifts preserve contrast but leftward shifts reverse contrast, consistent rightward motion is seen. In conventional first-order displays, elements reverse in luminance contrast (e.g. light element...