The countercyclical monetary policy is a policy that economists recommend to adopt in order to slow down the economic fluctuations. The aim of this study is to address the question that, in the presence of fiscal dominance and considering institutional quality (IQL), what the optimal monetary policy should be during the business cycles? To find the appropriate answer, first, in the framework of...

Objectives: Volunteering has great economic and social benefits, but it is neglected due to the nature of the work. This study aimed to assess the monetary aspect of the voluntary activities in the National Plan of Safety and Health of Nowruz Passengers and analyze the cost of the implementation of this plan, regarding youth volunteers. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 1574 volun...

This paper reevaluates the mathematical and economic meaning of no arbitrage in frictionless markets. Contrary to the traditional view, no arbitrage is not generally equivalent to the existence of an equivalent martingale measure. Departures from this equivalence allow asset prices to contain a monetary component. The refined view is that no arbitrage and no private monetary value components ar...

Motivated by the difficulties of successfully operating a discretionary monetary policy, researchers and policymakers have become increasingly interested in the stabilization properties of a credible precommitment or rule on monetary policy. The theoretical and empirical effects of various monetary rules on real sector variables, such as employment and GNP, have been extensively studied [e.g., ...

We investigated the effects of ”personalness” in moral decision-making by examining judgments about moral dilemmas involving damage to owned property that varied in terms of their sentimental (i.e. personal) importance or monetary value. Participants responded to trolley-style dilemmas where an agent could save five objects from destruction by sacrificing a sixth object, either as a means or as...

One of the most puzzling aspects about the functioning of the floating exchange rate regime of the 1980s has been that huge swings in exchange rate have had only muted effects on anything real. To understand this phenomenon, we study the relationship between communism and value neutrality and monetary neutrality. We find that the symmetry of communism is bound to lead to value neutrality. In th...

This paper aimed to evaluate Water Use Efficiency (WUE) indices for crops and horticulture productions. In doing so, after gathering data from 164 farmers, we investigated water withdrawal cost indices and monetary return per cubic meter of water through two econometric and managerial approaches . Besides, water shadow pricesand dry matters of per cub meter of water were calculated. The results...