Production costing is a well developed area of cost management. There are several applications reported which make use of the up-to-date costing methods like activity-based costing. Nevertheless, research in product cost calculation has paid limited attention to logistics costing so far. This paper aims to investigate how logistics cost calculation can be integrated into production costing. The...

Increased perceived predation risk can cause behavioral and physiological responses to reduce direct predation mortality, but these responses can also cause demographic costs through reduced reproductive output. Such indirect costs of predation risk have received increased attention in recent years, but the relative importance of direct vs. indirect predation costs to population growth (λ) acro...

Using a contact-process model for the spread of crop disease over a regional scale, we examine the importance of the time scale for control with respect to the cost of the epidemic. The costs include the direct cost of treating infected sites as well as the indirect costs incurred through lost yield. We first use a mean-field approximation to derive analytical results for the optimal treatment ...

In this paper we describe a new approach for assessing the benefits of safety measures in the aviation industry. This approach spans from the identification of target safety levels for the aviation industry to the development of a model of the air transport system. The most contributory factors to direct and indirect costs of accidents/incidents are also considered in order to provide all the e...

This article presents a framework for economic consequence analysis of terrorism countermeasures. It specifies major categories of direct and indirect costs, benefits, spillover effects, and transfer payments that must be estimated in a comprehensive assessment. It develops a spreadsheet tool for data collection, storage, and refinement, as well as estimation of the various components of the ne...

Isolation or cohorting of infected patients is an old concept. Its purpose is to prevent the transmission of microorganisms from infected or colonized patients to other patients, hospital visitors, and health care workers, who may subsequently transmit them to other patients or become infected or colonized themselves. Because the process of isolating patients is expensive, time-consuming, often...

BACKGROUND Considerable indirect costs are incurred by time taken off work following accidental injuries. The aim of this study was to predict return to work following serious accidental injuries. METHOD 121 severely injured patients were included in the study. Complete follow-up data were available for 85 patients. Two weeks post trauma (T1), patients rated their appraisal of the injury seve...

BACKGROUND HIV self-testing (HIVST) is recommended in Africa, but little is known about how this approach influences economic outcomes following subsequent antiretroviral treatment (ART) compared to facility-based HIV testing and counselling (HTC). METHODS HIV-positive participants attending HIV clinics, diagnosed by HIVST or facility-based HTC as part of a community cluster-randomised trial ...

§ 29.9% of the Portuguese population with ages between 50 and 64 yo were officially retired. § Among these, 13.1% were retired due to RD (3.9% of overall population). § The estimated annual indirect cost following premature retirement caused by RD was €910 million (€555 per capita; €1,625 per self-reported RD patient and €13,592 per early retiree due to RD). § Females contributed with 84% for t...

Economic impacts of agricultural carbon sequestration involve direct costs of sequestration management adoption as well as a variety of indirect costs and benefits. The nature and significance of these impacts are discussed. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in agriculture is identified as an influential factor. Techniques to estimate the cost of agricultural carbon sequestration are briefly r...