There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry approximately 10000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutr...

In the course of history, different civilizations and cultures have had different codes of ethics for “animal professions”. To understand the current form and content of these codes of ethics, it is necessary to look back and analyse the opinions of different experts from ancient times to the present day. In the history of European civilization, the ethical/deontological views closest to those ...

There is growing awareness that the profound changes in the environment (eg, in diet and other lifestyle conditions) that began with the introduction of agriculture and animal husbandry 10 000 y ago occurred too recently on an evolutionary time scale for the human genome to adjust. In conjunction with this discordance between our ancient, genetically determined biology and the nutritional, cult...

We discuss a figured pin from Shahdad, previously well known but published with a partial and unsatisfactory drawing.  More detailed observations and a new, more realistic recording of this important artifact reconsider its stylistic and iconographic links with the imagery of the Halil Rud civilization and the eastern Iranian Plateau in general, and, at its opposite cultural poles, with Mesopot...

This research explores the history and culture of African civilizations, from pre-colonial kingdoms empires to modern political, economic, social structures. It provides an overview civilizations their theorizing characteristics, then dives into looking at examines expansion including trans-Saharan trade, slavery, colonization, influence on cultures. looks preservation cultures, language preser...

Iranian civilization is one of the oldest and most influential civilizations of history, and Iran as the origin of Persian civilization, has been ruled by numerous states throughout history. Some of them, while enjoying considerable glory and high level of economic and political power, have sometimes been declined and finally overthrown. Having these points in mind, the main questions are prese...

ilam civilization is the most important ancient and indigenous civilization of iran prior to the formation of aryan rule and the achaemenid empire. the capital of this civilization, susa, joinedurbanization in 3200 b.c. and was put aside from history in 646 b.c. by assyrian empire. one of the most significant part of this civilization was  ilamidreligion and worldview as represented in their te...

Recent analyses of ancient Mesopotamian mitochondrial genomes have suggested a genetic link between the Indian subcontinent and Mesopotamian civilization. There is no consensus on the origin of the ancient Mesopotamians. They may be descendants of migrants, who founded regional Mesopotamian groups like that of Terqa or they may be merchants who were involved in trans Mesopotamia trade. To ident...