Scapulothoracic bursitis and snapping scapula syndrome are rare diagnoses that contribute to considerable morbidity in some patients. These conditions represent a spectrum of disorders characterized by pain with or without mechanical crepitus. They are commonly identified in young, active patients who perform repetitive overhead activities. Causes include anatomic scapular or thoracic variation...

Introduction: Blink reflex (BR) is a new electro diagnostic test mediated through a reflex arch with fifth cranial nerve in its afferent and seventh cranial nerve in its efferent side. BR responses are designed R1 , R2 and R2c responses. Anatomic locations of this reflex arch in central nervous system are still undefined and various results have been reported in different studies, for example...

In this topic, we will deal with conditions that tend to 1) involve both the lungs diffusely, and 2) primarily produce abnormalities of the pulmonary parenchyma (as opposed to the airways and blood vessels, which are dealt with elsewhere). All diseases may be classified by anatomic, physiologic, and clinical schemes. In pathology, we tend to work from anatomic classifications in understanding t...

CONTEXT Acute pancreatitis is usually due to well-known causes, such as biliary lithiasis and alcohol consumption. Anatomic abnormalities may represent a less frequent but important etiological factor. CASE REPORT The case of a 27 year old women complaining of acute pancreatitis associated with a large duodenal juxta-papillary diverticulum is presented. CONCLUSIONS Anatomic causes of pancre...

The neuroendocrine system, which plays an integral role in regulation of mood, is dysfunctional in patients with affective disorders. This paper reviews data from anatomic, functional, and clinical studies elucidating neuroendocrine function in patients with bipolar disorder. In an anatomic study using magnetic resonance imaging, patients with bipolar disorder had significantly smaller pituitar...

Ebstein's anomaly is a rare heart malformation, with a broad spectrum of anatomic abnormalities, leading to different clinical, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic changes and a reserved prognosis. We have described a case of an infant diagnosed with Ebstein's anomaly--a severe form.

Because of advancements in fetal imaging, anatomic variants of the genitourinary tract are most often discovered in the antenatal period. As such, general internists are less likely to encounter adult patients with previously undiagnosed anatomic abnormalities of the renal collecting system, such as duplicated kidneys. These abnormalities put patients at risk for urinary obstruction and recurre...