The Additive Factors Model (AFM), a widely used model of student learning, estimates students’ prior knowledge, the difficulty of tutored skills, and the rates at which these skills are learned. In contrast to Bayesian Knowledge Tracing (BKT), another widely used model of student learning, AFM does not have parameters for the slipping rates of learned skills; i.e., it does not explicitly model ...

The genus Lippia (Verbenaceae) comprise around 160 species spread out mainly in South and Central Americas with few African species, some of them with potential medicinal use. Brazil is one the most important centers of diversity with approximately 75% of the species described so far. Innumerous species are endemic and poorly studied especially at a cytological level. Here, chromosomal length, ...

Recruitment of non-planted mangrove species into Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and Avicennia marina reforested stands (all of them 5 years old) was investigated to assess possibilities for natural colonization. Corresponding bare (denuded or open without mangroves) and natural (relatively undisturbed) sites were used as controls. Interstitial water salinity and temperature (measured at ...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied in many biological investigations in the past 15 years. This review focuses on the application of AFM for quantitatively characterizing the structural and thermodynamic properties of protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes. AFM can be used to determine the stoichiometries and association constants of multiprotein assemblies and to quanti...

Gorgonians are important components of coastal ecosystems, as they provide niches, natural compounds with medical applications and are used as bioindicators. Species composition and assemblage structure of gorgonians (Anthozoa: Octocorallia) were studied along a bathymetric profile in the Southern Mexican Pacific coast. Species composition was based on specimens collected within a depth range o...

Atomic force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is a rapidly emerging technique that provides chemical analysis and compositional mapping with spatial resolution far below conventional optical diffraction limits. AFM-IR works by using the tip of an AFM probe to locally detect thermal expansion in a sample resulting from absorption of infrared radiation. AFM-IR thus can provide the ...

In this study, we present a new technique called correlative atomic force and transmission electron microscopy (correlative AFM/TEM) in which a targeted region of a sample can be observed under AFM and TEM. The ultimate goal of developing this new technique is to provide a technical platform to expand the fields of AFM application to complex biological systems such as cell extracts. Recent adva...

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides a method for detecting nanoscale structural information. First, this review explains the fundamentals of AFM, including principle, manipulation, and analysis. Applications of AFM are then reported in food science and technology research, including qualitative macromolecule and polymer imaging, complicated or quantitative structure analysis, molecular inter...

The atomic force microscope (AFM) and its derivative technologies have heralded a new era in science and technology. AFM and related instruments were primarily designed by physicists. In recent years there is a substantial presence of engineers with controls and systems background who are contributing to AFM related technologies. This article provides a tutorial on the control and systems appro...