Health is defined as homeostasis of the cellular ecology, and a state where there has not been an inordinate loss, reversible or irreversible, of the structural and/or functional reserves of the body. An adverse health effect is defined as the causation, promotion, facilitation and/or exacerbation of a structural and/or functional abnormality, with the implication that the abnormality produced ...

background: existence or non-existence of adverse selection in insurance market is one of the important cases that have always been considered by insurers. adverse selection is one of the consequences of asymmetric information. theory of adverse selection states that high-risk individuals demand the insurance service more than low risk individuals do. methods: the presence of adverse selection ...

abstract aims: spices are sources of many bioactive compounds that can improve the taste of food as well as affecting the digestion and metabolism. along with that, they may also contain some substances as heavy metals, which have harmful effects on the body. the aim of present study was to assess the potential health risk of cr, cu, fe and zn contents of cardamom, curry powder and turmeric in ...

background and objectives: studies have shown that patients awaiting coronary angiography (ca) are often anxious. high level of anxiety can lead to physical and psychological stress with adverse effects on organs, es­pecially heart. there is limited information on state and trait anxiety level in these patients in the literature. this study was thus designed to investigate the level of these tw...

background: we aimed to explore whether maternal asymptomatic hepatitis b (hb) infection effects on pre-term rupture of membranous (prom), stillbirth, preeclampsia, eclampsia, gestational hypertension, or antepartum hemorrhage. methods: we searched the pubmed, scopus, and isi web of science from 1990 to feb 2015. in addition, electronic literature searches supplemented by searching the gray lit...

drug-drug interactions (ddis) can lead to increased toxicity or reduction in therapeutic efficacy. this study was designed to assess the incidence of potential drug interactions (pdi) and rank their clinical value in post coronary care unit (post-ccu) of a teaching hospital in tehran, iran.in this prospective study, three pharmacists with supervision of a clinical pharmacist actively gathered n...

the aims of this study were to determine hippuric acid and toluene in urine samples, airborne toluene levels, health effects, and to describe any correlation between specimen samples. seventy-five printing workers exposed to toluene at work (exposed group), and 60 nonexposed people (control group) were studied. study participants were selected from same factories in the different positions. uri...

climate change around the world is now a reality that has adverse effects on the environment and human health. there is little information about the effect of climate change on food systems, especially seafood from the farm to the table. the aim of this study was to review the fundamental effects of climate change on seafood safety and human health. climate change is expected to increase chemic...

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The size of adverse selection and moral hazard effects in health insurance markets has important policy implications. For example, if adverse selection effects are small while moral hazard effects are large, conventional remedies for inefficiencies created by adverse selection (e.g., mandatory insurance enrolment) may lead to substantial increases in health care spending. Unfortunately, there i...