This paper builds a two-country, two-sector (polluting, nonpolluting) trade model with directed technical change, examining whether unilateral environmental policies can ensure sustainable growth. The polluting good generates more or less emissions depending on its relative use of a clean and a dirty input. I show that a unilateral policy combining clean research subsidies and a trade tax can e...

BACKGROUND Blood transfusions (BTFs) are not without risk and pose a significant financial burden on resource-limited services. In line with current international evidence, the nursery at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH), Cape Town, South Africa, introduced a restrictive BTF protocol to minimise transfusions and manage costs. OBJECTIVE To determine whether adopting a restrictive BTF policy result...

Unilateral carbon policies are inefficient due to the fact that they generally involve emission reductions in countries with high marginal abatement costs and because they are subject to carbon leakage. In this paper, we ask whether the use of carbon tariffs — tariffs on the carbon embodied in imported goods — might lower the cost of achieving a given reduction in world emissions. Specifically,...

Abstract ‘Listen, I'm against sin. I'll kick it as long I've got a foot; punch fist; butt head; and bite tooth’ (Billy Sunday). Billy Sunday was revivalist preacher in the early half of twentieth century. I take that Billy's approach to sin will be taken by most more theologically acceptable than following. ‘I figure go for life sin, followed presto-change-o deathbed repentance’ (Bart Simpson)....

due to complexity and huge varieties in mega cities, their administration need suitable policy making that is designed specifically for each city. so, in the light of contingency approach and collage metaphor, in each city, designing of a mixed policy making system is necessary; a system that is able to use collection of current policy making models, and support urban management system for adop...