in this study, 27 achaemenid coins, 62 parthian coins, 66 sassanid coins, have been analyzed. the achaemenid coins as well as 20 parthian coins belong to the national museum of iran and the other 42 parthian coins are kept in tamashagah-e pool museum. sasanid coins belong to private collectors. using pixe analysis, the element concentrations of the coins were measured. by using statistical anal...

ELECTRUM » 2023 Volume 30 Sean Manning, Armed Force in the Teispid-Achaemenid Empire: Past Approaches, Future Prospects, (Oriens et Occidens –32), Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2021, pp. 437; ISBN 978-3-515-12775-2 A

This paper reviews the different models commonly used in understanding Herodotus’evidence on Achaemenid Persian empire. It suggests that these approaches—for example, assessment of Herodotus’accuracy, level his knowledge, or sympathy for Persians—systematically underestimate complexity (and Greeks’) perspective empire: conflicted a participant rather than just detached observer.

the decentralized structure of the arsacid empire brought both positive and negative consequences to the country. despite all confusions, this particular political trend helped ancient and local traditions to grow and flourish. at this time pars although has been isolated but played an important role to guard and respect the basic ideologies of the past achaemenids. persis kings’ coins minted f...

one of the important features of achaemenid art is the repetition of almost similar motifs and their consistency during this lengthy era. consequently, a large number of researchers consider the presence of the constant and pre-conceived patterns as necessity for stonecarving, sculptors and metalworkers. apparently, this coordination arising from similar repeated patterns is visible in the acha...