Background Plasma amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-42/Aβ1-40 ratio, phosphorylated-tau181 (p-tau181), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light (NFL) are putative blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, head-to-head comparisons of the afore-mentioned across AD continuum lacking. Method Aβ1-42, Aβ1-40, p-tau181, GFAP NFL were measured using Single Molecule Array platfo...

Abnormal accumulation of Aβ (amyloid β) within AEL (autophagy-endosomal-lysosomal) vesicles is a prominent neuropathological feature of AD (Alzheimer's disease), but the mechanism of accumulation within vesicles is not clear. We express secretory forms of human Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42 in Drosophila neurons and observe preferential localization of Aβ1-42 within AEL vesicles. In young animals, Aβ1-42 ap...

Spirulina maxima, a microalga containing high levels of protein and many polyphenols, including chlorophyll a and C-phycocyanin, has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapeutic effects. However, the mechanisms where by Spirulina maxima ameliorates cognitive disorders induced by amyloid-β 1-42 (Aβ1-42) are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated whether a 70% ethanol extract of Sp...

BACKGROUND Reduced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentration of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) reflects the presence of amyloidopathy in brains of subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To qualify the use of Aβ1-42/Aβ1-40 for improvement of standard operating procedures (SOP) for measurement of CSF Aβ with a focus on CSF collection, storage, and analysis. METHODS Euroimmun ELISAs for CSF A...

Extracellular deposition of amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) has been implicated as a critical step in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In Down syndrome (DS), Alzheimer's disease is assumed to be caused by the triplication and overexpression of the gene for amyloid precursor protein (APP), located on chromosome 21. Plasma concentrations of Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 were determined in a population...

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of education (a surrogate measure of cognitive reserve) on FDG-PET brain metabolism in elderly cognitively healthy (HC) subjects with preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD). METHODS Fifty-two HC subjects (mean age 75 years) with FDG-PET and CSF measurement of Aβ1-42 were included from the prospective Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative biomarker study. HC s...

BACKGROUND The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) was created to develop standards for brain imaging and biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment trials. Using the ADNI dataset, experts have found that low cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-β1-42 (CSF Aβ1-42) concentration and high total-tau/Aβ1-42 ratio are highly predictive of progression in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a...

Beta-secretase is the first cleavage enzyme of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) in the amyloidogenic pathway, leading to the formation of the plaque forming Amyloid-β (Aβ)1-42 peptide. BACE (beta-site AβPP cleaving enzyme) 1 inhibition is therefore considered to be a promising disease modifying therapy for Alzheimer's disease. An early assessment of the in vivo activity of BACE inhibitors was...

Our study focused on the relationship between amyloid β 1-42 (Aβ), sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and mitochondrial sirtuins in regulating cell fate. SphK1 is a key enzyme involved in maintaining sphingolipid rheostat in the brain. Deregulation of the sphingolipid metabolism may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondrial function and mitochondrial deacetylas...

Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition in the brain is an early and invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The Aβ peptides are composed of about 40 amino acids and are generated from amyloid precursor proteins (APP), by β- and γ-secretases. The distribution of individual Aβ peptides in the brains of aged people, and those suffering from AD and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is not fully charact...