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FOUNDATIONS ................................................................................................................ 456 Signals and Noise, Detectability and Discriminability ............................................... 456 Noise from Classical Statistical Mechanics ............................................................... 459 Noise from Quantum Mechanics .........................

International Integration, Risk and the Welfare State How does international integration affect the welfare state? Does it call for a leaner or an expanded welfare state? International integration may affect the distortions caused by welfare state activities but also the risks motivating social insurance mechanisms. This paper addresses these potentially counteracting effects in a fully specifi...

From the perspective of swimmer safety, there have been no quantitative 3-dimensional studies of the underwater phase of racing starts during competition. To do so, 471 starts were filmed during a meet with a starting depth of 1.22 m and block height of 0.76 m. Starts were stratified according to age (8 & U, 9–10, 11–12, 13–14, and 15 & O) and stroke during the first lap (freestyle, breaststrok...

We report on XMM-Newton spectroscopic observations of the luminous radio-quiet quasar PDS 456. The hard X-ray spectrum of PDS 456 shows a deep absorption trough (constituting 50% of the continuum) at energies above 7 keV in the quasar rest frame, which can be attributed to a series of blueshifted K-shell absorption edges due to highly ionized iron. The higher resolution soft X-ray Reflection Gr...

Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2), a DNA damage-activated protein kinase, is phosphorylated at Thr-68 by ataxia telangiectasia mutated leading to its activation by phosphorylation at several additional sites. Using mass spectrometry we identified a new Chk2 phosphorylation site at Ser-456. We show that phosphorylation of Ser-456 plays a role in the regulation of Chk2 stability particularly after DNA d...

X-ray and multi-wavelength observations of the most luminous known local (z < 0.3) AGN, the recently discovered radio-quiet quasar PDS 456, are presented. The spectral energy distribution shows that PDS 456 has a bolometric luminosity of 10 erg/s, peaking in the UV. The X-ray spectrum obtained by ASCA and RXTE shows considerable complexity. The most striking feature observed is a deep, highlyio...