The endoderm gives rise to diverse tissues and organs that are essential for the homeostasis and metabolism of the organism: the thymus, thyroid, lungs, liver and pancreas, and the functionally diverse domains of the digestive tract. Classically, the endoderm, the ‘innermost germ layer’, was in the shadow of the ectoderm and mesoderm. However, at a recent Keystone meeting it took center stage, ...

In recent years the scientific community has shown renewed interest in DISH. The article by Yaniv et al. [1] in this issue of Rheumatology describes the natural evolution of DISH, providing important new insights into this condition. The article presents a study that used CT, a highly sensitive three-dimensional imaging modality for assessing new bone formation, to identify DISH patients and ex...

Daniel Shanks was born on January 17, 1917, in the city of Chicago, where he was raised and where in 1937 he received his B.S. in physics from the University of Chicago. In 1940 he worked as a physicist at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds, moving the following year to the position of physicist at the Naval Ordinance Laboratory, a position he retained until 1950. In 1951 his post at the NOL changed ...

Human beta-defensin 2 (hBD-2) is an inducible antimicrobial peptide synthesized by the epithelium to counteract bacterial adherence and invasion. Proinflammatory cytokines, as well as certain bacterial strains, have been identified as potent endogenous inducers. Recently, we have found that hBD-2 induction by probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 was mediated through NF-kappaB- and AP-1-depend...

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1916 The mechanism of the Abderhalden reaction with bacterial substrates. J. Infect. Dis., 1916, 18, 14-19 (with M. W. Cook). Serum reaction following treatment with sensitized and non-sensitized bacteria. Med. Rec., 1916, 90, 744. The intracutaneous absorption of antigen. J. Immunol., 1916-17, 2, 269-281 (with M. W. Cook). 1917 Cutaneous antibodies in the guinea-pig. J. Immunol., 1917, 2, 415-...

Structural analysis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from semirough, serum-sensitive Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (DSM 6601, serotype O6:K5:H1) revealed that this strain's LPS contains a bisphosphorylated hexaacyl lipid A and a tetradecasaccharide consisting of one E. coli O6 antigen repeating unit attached to the R1-type core. Configuration of the GlcNAc glycosidic linkage between O...

Three new species of the spider genus Philoponella Mello-Leitão, 1917 are described: Philoponella opelli n. sp. from Brazil and Ecuador, and Philoponella fluviidulcifis n. sp. , and Philoponella duopunctata n. sp. from Brazil. New records for Philoponella vittata (Keyserling, 1881), P. republicana (Simon, 1891), P. fasciata (Mello-Leitão, 1917) and P. divisa Opell, 1979 are provided for Brazil ...