We investigate the effect of climate change on population growth in 18th and 19th century Iceland. We find that annual temperature changes help determine the population growth rate in pre-industrial Iceland: a year 1◦C cooler than average drives down population growth rates by 0.57% in each of the next two years, for a total effect of 1.14%. We also find that 18th and 19th century Icelanders ad...

We investigate the effect of climate change on population growth in 18th and 19th century Iceland. We find that annual temperature changes help determine the population growth rate in preindustrial Iceland: a year 1◦C cooler than average drives down population growth rates by 0.57% in each of the next two years, for a total effect of 1.14%. We also find that 18th and 19th century Icelanders ada...

The persistence of African cultural traits among Black Americans has long been recognized. Elements of present-day Afro-American speech, music, dance, and diet have been identified as African in origin (e.g ., Blassingame 1972; Garrett 1966; Lomax 1970). It is likely that during the 18th and 19th centuries such elements were more pronounced than today. As Blassingame writes: "The most remarkabl...

Sea level observations made in the Venice Lagoon between 1751 and 1792 have been recovered, consisting of two time series of daily data on high and low waters in Venice and Chioggia. From comparisons with modern observations, the quality of the 18th century data appears to be good enough to allow a useful analysis. A composite time series of daily mean sea level is obtained by merging the 18th ...

abstract aesthetic viewpoints and philosophical concepts are effective factors which can conduct artistic movements. the impact of philosophical basis on the cultural, social, historical and artistic tendencies is to extent that the mentioned philosophical basis is specified as detailed and separated chapters. among the development and exposition of the philosophical concepts of art area, there...

We investigate the changes of extreme European winter (December-February) precipitation back to 1700 and show for various European regions that return periods of extremely wet and dry winters are subject to significant changes both before and after the onset of anthropogenic influences. Generally, winter precipitation has become more extreme. We also examine the spatial pattern of the changes o...

possible a comparison with the data in the vital statistics which have been published annually since 1899 by the Japanese Government. Major sources of these data were: 1) 34,115 adult survivors registered in a) registration books of residents in ward offices in Tokyo and Osaka, b) lists of inmates at nursing homes for the aged in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyushu, and c) lists of members of local societi...