Bovine glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a 7,000-Da glycopolypeptide released from ?-casein during cheese making. The O-glycan chains linked to GMP have many biological activities, but their utilization for nutraceutical products limited due low content. To concentrate the functional glycan of GMP, we prepared sialylglycopeptide (SGC) GMP-containing whey protein via proteolytic digestion peptide and c...

Cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) is a ubiquitous bacterial signaling molecule that regulates a variety of complex processes through a diverse set of c-di-GMP receptor proteins. We have utilized a systematic approach to identify c-di-GMP receptors from the pathogen Vibrio cholerae using the Differential Radial Capillary Action of Ligand Assay (DRaCALA). The DRaCALA screen identified a majority of known ...

Generalized modus ponens (GMP) is a basic model of approximate reasoning. GMP in fuzzy propositions called ponen (FMP) and it intuitionistic (IFMP) when are generalized to propositions. In this paper, we aim investigate reasoning methods for with mixture fuzzy/intuitionistic information. For mixed types GMP, present two solve problems based on the triple I method (TIM). One transform problem in...

The 5'-ribonucleotide guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) is used widely as an umami taste stimulus and a potent flavor enhancer as it synergistically increases the umami taste elicited by monosodium glutamate. Transduction mechanisms for GMP and its synergy with glutamate are largely unknown. Using whole-cell patch-clamp and Ca(2+) imaging, we examined responses to GMP, glutamate, and a mixture o...

UNLABELLED Microorganisms use a variety of metabolites to respond to external stimuli, including second messengers that amplify primary signals and elicit biochemical changes in a cell. Levels of the second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) are regulated by a variety of environmental stimuli and play a critical role in regulating cellular processes such as biofilm formation and cellular m...

Bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) is an intracellular second messenger that regulates adaptation processes, including biofilm formation, motility, and virulence in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we have characterized the core components of a c-di-GMP signaling pathway in the model Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Specifically, we have directly identified and characteri...

Two cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activities were identified in pig aortic endothelial cells, a cyclic GMP-stimulated PDE and a cyclic AMP PDE. Cyclic GMP-stimulated PDE had Km values of 367 microM for cyclic AMP and 24 microM for cyclic GMP, and low concentrations (1 microM) of cyclic GMP increased the affinity of the enzyme for cyclic AMP (Km = 13 microM) without changing the Vmax...

Cyclic di-GMP [bis-(3 -5 )-cyclic di-GMP] (Fig. 1) is a novel second messenger in bacteria that was first described as an allosteric activator of cellulose synthase in Gluconacetobacter xylinus (49). It is now established that this nucleotide is almost ubiquitous in bacteria, where it regulates a range of functions including developmental transitions, aggregative behavior, adhesion, biofilm for...

Cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) has emerged as a prominent intracellular messenger that coordinates biofilm formation and pathogenicity in many bacterial species. Developing genetically encoded biosensors for c-di-GMP will help us understand how bacterial cells respond to environmental changes via the modulation of cellular c-di-GMP levels. Here we report the design of two genetically encoded c-di-GMP...