One of the existing DEAmethods’ limitations noted in the literature lies in the process of benchmarking of reference targets for inefficient DMUs. Difficulties arising in this process can be summarized to three aspects. First, the reference target might be a hypothetical DMU that does not actually exist (it is difficult and indeed unrealistic to learn from such a DMU). Second, the reference set...

The influence of the amphiphile 1,3-dimethylurea (1,3-DMU) on the dynamic properties of water was studied using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy. The experiment provided evidence for substantial retardation of water reorientation in the hydration shell of 1,3-DMU, leading to a separate slow-water relaxation in addition to contributions from bulk-like and fast water as well as from the solute....

The phase behavior of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous solutions of urea, N,N'-dimethylurea (DMU), and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea (TMU) has been characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. All three solutes stabilize the lamellar liquid-crystalline phase at the expense of lamellar-gel phase and inverted hexagonal phase of the phospholipid when...

The development of B lymphocytes from progenitor cells is dependent on the expression of a pre-B cell-specific receptor made up by a mu heavy chain associated with the surrogate light chains, immunoglobulin (Ig)alpha, and Igbeta. A variant pre-B cell receptor can be formed in which the mu heavy chain is exchanged for a truncated mu chain denoted Dmu. To investigate the role of this receptor in ...

In this work, an extended evaluation approach for decision making units (DMUs) with a single output is proposed. Firstly, the input and output data for each DMU are changed in the same proportion until all the outputs are equal, and then the coordinate system is established with input i as the ith coordinate axis. Secondly, in the coordinate system, the production possibility set, which is span...

This study addresses the problem of finding the range of efficiency for each Decision Making Unit (DMU) considering uncertain data. Uncertainty in the DMU coefficients in each factor (input or output) is captured through interval coefficients (i.e., these are uncertain but bounded). A twophase additive Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model for performance evaluation is used, which is adapted to...

Technique of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) involves methods conducted for desirable objective management of Decision Making Unit (DMU) that is same increasing of efficiency level. Data envelopment analysis furthermore determines the efficiency level, provides situation, removes inefficiency with evaluated benchmarking information. In this paper the use of the improvement Least-Distance measur...

The traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models treat a decision making unit (DMU) as a “black box”, which is often criticized for not considering the inner production mechanism of a production system. The network DEA models developed to overcome this deficiency by considering the internal structure of a DMU have recently gained popularity. The inner data, however, are not generally avai...

It has been reported that theophylline is primarily metabolized via hepatic CYP1A1/2, 2B1/2, and 3A1/2, and 1,3-dimethyluric acid (1,3-DMU) is primarily formed via CYP1A1/2 in rats. Compared with control rats, the expression of CYP1A subfamily, 2B1/2, and 3A subfamily significantly decreased 24 h (24-h KPLPS rats) after intravenous administration of lipopolysaccharide derived from Klebsiella pn...

Tailor-made additives can prove an effective method to prolong the lifetime of metastable forms of pharmaceutical compounds by surface stabilization. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a pharmaceutical compound with four polymorphic forms. The high temperature γ form, which can be produced by spray drying or sublimation growth, is metastable at room temperature and transforms within days when produced by sp...