In these notes I will often consider dynamical systems DSL = (X, (x )t∈T ) on a monoid L = (T,+) such that T = Z (non-negative integers), Z (integers), R (non-negative reals), or R (reals); obviously, when T = Z or R, the monoid L is in fact a group. With the symbols DSZ+ , DSZ , DSR+ , or DSR, I mean, respectively, a dynamical system DSL on L = (Z ,+), (Z,+), (R,+), or (R,+). However, if not e...