1. Overview This paper talks about monotonicity of P and NP by using monotone circuit and Log Space Transducer (LST). We can reduce Deterministic Turing Machine (DTM) to monotone circuit value problem by using LST. Therefore DTM has nonmonotonicity of the degree that LST can compute it. But Nondeterministic Turing Machine (NTM) have nonmono-tonicity that LST cannot compute it. Therefore We cann...

Alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (Lst) is expressed on the outer membrane of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis and sialylates surface lipooligosaccharide (LOS), facilitating resistance to complement-mediated killing. The enzyme is constitutively expressed from a single gene (lst) and does not undergo antigenic or phase variation. We observed that Triton X-100 extracts of N. gonorrhoea...

UNLABELLED Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae modify the terminal lacto-N-neotetraose moiety of their lipooligosaccharide (LOS) with sialic acid. N. gonorrhoeae LOS sialylation blocks killing by complement, which is mediated at least in part by enhanced binding of the complement inhibitor factor H (FH). The role of LOS sialylation in resistance of N. meningitidis to serum killing ...

In this study, we employed Geographical Information Systems and remote sensing techniques to investigate the impact of land-use/cover change on land surface temperature (LST) in a rapidly urbanisation city, Kunming in southwest China. Spatial patterns of LST and land use for 1992 and 2006 were derived from Landsat images to examine how LST responded to urban growth. Remote sensing indices were ...

Vegetation coverage has a significant influence on the land surface temperature (LST) distribution. In the field of urban heat islands (UHIs) based on remote sensing, vegetation indexes are widely used to estimate the LST-vegetation relationship. However, little evaluation work has been done on the comparison of the relationship between different vegetation indexes and LST. A Landsat Thematic M...

Land surface temperature (LST) has a significant role in the land surface characters on local and global scale. The most important task in estimation of LST from satellite thermal data is removing the effects of atmospheric attenuations, topographic and land surface emissivity. To date, several techniques have been proposed to retrieve LST with various applications, advantages and drawbacks. Th...

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important variable in climate, hydrologic, ecological, biophysical and biochemical studies (Mildrexler et al., 2011). The most effective way to obtain LST measurements is through satellites. Presently, LST from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor is applied in various fields due to its high spatial and temporal availability over the ...

Unprecedented rapid urbanization in China during the past several decades has been accompanied by extensive urban landscape renewal, which has increased the urban thermal environmental risk. However, landscape change is a sufficient but not necessary condition for land surface temperature (LST) variation. Many studies have merely highlighted the correlation between landscape pattern and LST, wh...

The VIIRS Land Surface Temperature (LST) Environmental Data Record (EDR) has reached validated (V1 stage) maturity in December 2014. This study compares VIIRS v1 LST with the ground in situ observations and with heritage LST product from MODIS Aqua and AATSR. Comparisons against U.S. SURFRAD ground observations indicate a similar accuracy among VIIRS, MODIS and AATSR LST, in which VIIRS LST pre...

This study explores the estimation of land surface temperature (LST) for the globe from Landsat 5, 7 and 8 thermal infrared sensors, using different surface emissivity sources. A single channel algorithm is used for consistency among the estimated LST products, whereas the option of using emissivity from different sources provides flexibility for the algorithm’s implementation to any area of in...