The propositional dynamic logic (PDL) is an adequate tool to write down programs. In a previous article we used PDL to formulate cryptographic protocols as parallel programs. In these protocols at least two agents/individuals exchange messages, so we needed to use product logic to formulate the parallel actions. Ágnes Kurucz proved that S5×S5×S5 — which is the simplest triple product logic — is...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to improve port wine stain (PWS) therapeutic outcome in response to laser therapy. Our specific aim was to determine whether the combined use of pulsed dye laser (PDL) therapy and topical Imiquimod versus PDL alone can improve PWS therapeutic outcome. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS This pilot study involved a retrospective review of...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and characterization of multipotent human periodontal ligament (PDL) stem cells and to assess their ability to differentiate into bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue. METHODS PDL stem cells were isolated from 7 extracted human premolar teeth. Human PDL cells were expanded in culture, stained using anti-CD29, -CD34, -CD44, an...

The periodontal ligament (PDL), which connects the teeth to the alveolar bone, is essential for periodontal tissue homeostasis. Although the significance of the PDL is recognized, molecular mechanisms underlying PDL function are not well known. We report that mohawk homeobox (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, regulates PDL homeostasis by preventing its degeneration. Mkx is expressed...

Previously, we discovered that periodontal ligament (PDL) cells not only support osteoclastogenesis through cell-to-cell contact, but also inhibit the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive (TRAP+) multinucleated cells by a producing soluble factor(s). Furthermore, PDL cells express both receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mess...

Periodontal ligament (PDL) can be obtained from patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. PDL contains progenitor cells that can be expanded and differentiated towards several mesenchymal lineages in vitro. Furthermore, PDL-derived cells have been shown to generate bone- and PDL-like structures in vivo. Thus, PDL cells, combined with suitable biomaterials, represent a promising tool for period...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions is associated with variable and unpredictable efficacy. Thus, alternative treatment modalities are needed. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated enhanced selective vascular destruction with benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD) monoacid ring A photodynamic therapy (PDT) followed immediately by PD...

Propositional Dynamic Logic (PDL) has been introduced by M.J. Fischer and R.E. Ladner as an extension of the classical propositional logic and propositional modal logic K for reasoning about partial correctness of structured nondeterministic programs. Many variants of PDL have been studied extensively especially from viewpoint of decidability and axiomatizability. In particular, recently C. Lut...

The mechanical strength of the periodontal ligament (PDL) was first measured as force required to extract a tooth from its socket using human specimens. Thereafter, tooth-PDL-bone preparations have extensively been used for measurement of the mechanical response of the PDL. In vitro treatments of such specimens with specific enzymes allowed one to investigate into the roles of the structural co...

Residual periodontal ligament (PDL) and cement mass on the roots of extracted teeth are factors that considerably affect tooth transplantation. Therefore, when normal extracted teeth are used for autologous transplantation, it is necessary to regenerate the PDL of the root surface. Here we describe a method to examine human PDL cell adhesion on sterilized root surfaces. Sample teeth were extrac...