The retinal damage effects induced by transitional near-infrared (NIR) lasers have been investigated for years. However, the damage threshold dependence on exposure duration has not been revealed. In this paper, the in-vivo retinal damage ED50 thresholds were determined in chinchilla grey rabbits for 1319 nm laser radiation for exposure durations from 0.1 s to 10 s. The incident corneal irradia...

abstract to study the efficacy of glyphosate and nicosulfuron herbicides on barnyardgrass [echinochloa crus-galii (l.) p. beauv.] and velvetleaf (abotilon theophrasti medicus.) control and to find the ed50 index, experiments were conducted as factorial arrangement of treatments 2×7 based on completely randomized design with six replications for each weed in 2008-9 at research greenhouse, ferdow...

BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to determine the median effective dose (ED50) for motor block of various concentrations of intrathecally administered plain bupivacaine. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2011 and 2013, 64 patients aged ≥70 years, undergoing transurethral, or lower limb surgery with combined spinal and epidural anesthesia in a single hospital were enrolled. The patients were ran...

The hydroalcoholic extract of the steam bark of B. fagaroides var. fagaroides displayed potent cytotoxic activity against four cancer cell lines, namely KB (ED50 = 9.6 × 10(-2) μg/mL), PC-3 (ED50 = 2.5 × 10(-1) μg/mL), MCF-7 (ED50 = 6.6 μg/mL), and HF-6 (ED50 = 7.1 × 10(-3) μg/mL). This extract also showed anti-tumour activity when assayed on mice inoculated with L5178Y lymphoma cells. Bioactiv...

BACKGROUND The median effective dose (ED50) of a drug gives the amount or dose of drug needed to produce effective therapeutic response or desired effect in at least 50% of the population taking it. Our study focused on determining the ED50 required for effective motor block using hyperbaric and plain bupivacaine, and evaluated the influence of baricity on the ED50 required for motor block. MAT...

BACKGROUND Recent efforts to improve the combined spinal epidural (CSE) technique have focused on adding opioids to other classes of analgesics. In this study, the authors used intrathecal neostigmine in combination with intrathecal sufentanil to investigate the usefulness of neostigmine for reducing side effects and prolonging the duration of sufentanil. METHODS One hundred six healthy pregn...

The activity of nimodipine and nitrendipine against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in Albino rats was studied alone and in combination with valproate. The median effective dose [ED50] of valproate, nimodipine and nitrendipine were initially determined. All the 3 drugs were injected i.p. 30 min before the induction of seizures. Seizures were induced by PTZ 85 mg/kg i.p., and subsequen...

The limited germplasm resources of hulless barley restrict the breeding with improved traits. Mutation techniques are an effective tool for generating variation plant studies. This study aimed to evaluate impact gamma-ray at different doses on certain seedling properties M1 plants two genotypes, as well determine dose (ED50). seeds two-row cv. Yalin and line YAA7050-14, were irradiated 100, 150...