The characteristics of the SST data will depend on how the measurements were made. Most of the SST measurements in the period 1970 to 1997 were made using either a bucket and thermometer or by reporting the temperature of the engine intake cooling water. A smaller number of reports were made using hull sensors which are thought to be more accurate. ICOADS contains a metadata flag giving the met...

This paper examines a Waste Management Organisation's (WMO) pricing options to implement the Pareto-efficient allocation in an economy where materials are first extracted, then used for producing a consumption good and finally recycled or landfilled. The WMO is established by the producers who are responsible for the proper disposal of consumption waste which consists of a mix of materials. Tha...

This chapter explores the history of a global governance institution, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), from its nineteenth-century origins through the beginnings of a planetary meteorological observing network, the WMO’s World Weather Watch (WWW), in the 1960s. This history illustrates a profoundly important transition from voluntarist internationalism, based on shared interests, to...

O bservations are fundamental to advancing scientific understanding of climate (Doherty et al. 2009; Shapiro et al. 2010) and delivering the vetted, timely, and purposeful climate information needed to support decision making in many sectors. Observations and monitoring are key elements of the emerging Global Framework for Climate Services (WMO 2011a) and more generally support climate research...

Abstract. The NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory serves as the World Meteorological Organization Atmosphere Watch (WMO/GAW) Central Calibration (CCL) for CO2 and is responsible maintaining WMO/GAW mole fraction scale used a reference within program. current WMO-CO2-X2007 embodied by 15 aluminum cylinders containing modified natural air, with fractions determined using manometer from 1995 to 2006...

1117 AUGUST 2005 AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY | he decreasing levels of halogens in the stratosphere should lead to a gradual recovery from the chemical ozone depletion that has occurred over the past decades (WMO 2003). However, climate change resulting from increases in greenhouse gas concentrations will infl uence the stratosphere through a range of radiative, dynamical, and chemical mech...