We calculate numerically the probability exp[ 1 λ F (E/E sph , N/N sph)] of the false vacuum decay in the massive four-dimensional −λφ 4 model from multipar-ticle initial states with fixed number of particles N and energy E greater than the height of the barrier E sph. We find that at E ∼ < 3E sph and N ∼ < 0.4N sph the decay is classically forbidden and thus is exponentially suppressed. We arg...

Treatment of CuI with the flexible PhS(CH(2))(4)SPh dithioether ligand in MeCN solution affords the strongly luminescent metal-organic 2D coordination polymer [Cu(4)I(4){mu-PhS(CH(2))(4)SPh}(2)](n) (). The interpenetrated 2D network of is built upon by Cu(4)(mu(3)-I)(4) cubane-like clusters as secondary building units (SBUs), which are interconnected via bridging 1,4-bis(phenylthio)butane ligan...

Independent of their etiology, all chronic liver diseases ultimately lead to liver cirrhosis, which is a major health problem worldwide. The underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood and no efficient treatment strategies are available. This paper introduces the sinusoidal pressure hypothesis (SPH), which identifies an elevated sinusoidal pressure (SP) as cause of fibrosis. SPH...

Because sphingosine (Sph) is actively incorporated into platelets and rapidly converted to sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), which is then released extracellularly, it is important to study the effects of Sph and Sph-1-P on endothelial cells from the viewpoint of platelet-endothelial cell interaction. In this study, we found that Sph, as well as ceramide, induces apoptosis in human umbilical v...

BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare disease of unknown cause. Although PPH and secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH) share many clinical and pathological characteristics, their origins may be disparate. In pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), the activity of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels governs membrane potential (Em) and regulates cytosolic free Ca2+ concentr...

The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical method was introduced by Lucy [20] and Gingold and Monaghan [21]. Its first application was in the field of star formation, where it was used to study whether or not a rapidly-rotating polytrope could undergo fission to form a close binary system [20, 22]. Since this initial application, SPH has been widely used in the study of star formation,...

Spontaneous peri-renal hemorrhage (SPH) was first described in 1856 by Carl Wünderlich, a German physician, who identified a non-traumatic renal hemorrhage confined to the subcapsular and peri-renal space [1]. Most of the time, the clinical symptoms of SPH are nonspecific (flank pain and/or abdominal mass), necessitating imaging studies. The overall sensitivity of CT scans in detection of SPH c...