test challenge. Vendors of intellectual property cores usually give no information about a core’s internal logic (in other words, it is a black box). As a result, system designers cannot perform traditional test generation processes such as automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) and fault simulation. Instead, the core vendor specifies a set of test vectors that must be applied to the core to ...

A common problem in production of core–spun yarns on the Ring spinning frame is the slippage of the staple fibers as sheath fibers relative to the core. This effect is known as ‘strip-back’ or barberpole. This problem may lead to an incomplete core coverage and results in end–breaks in subsequent processing. In order to avoid this problem, in the present work, core spun yarns (acrylic sheath fi...

Most cellular processes rely on large multiprotein complexes that must assemble into a well-defined quaternary structure in order to function. A number of prominent examples, including the 20S core particle of the proteasome and the AAA+ family of ATPases, contain ring-like structures. Developing an understanding of the complex assembly pathways employed by ring-like structures requires a chara...