We present a novel GIS, Real Space GIS, which is a 2D & 3D integration GIS. Real Space GIS is based on Real Space which is 3D geographical space and 2D map space which is based on geographical sphere or ellipsoid comparing to Paper Space GIS which is based on traditional Paper Space based on paper map coordinates. Real Space GIS mainly integrates data structure, data model, data storage, data v...

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GIS managers traditionally consider three perspectives of the nature of GIS when introducing GIS into an organization. When the GIS is developed to address focused and well de® ned problems of the organization, these perspectives adequately describe the changing identities of GIS in the study of its di€ usion. However when the GIS is developed to address strategic, but vaguely de® ned problems,...

The need for global access and decentralized management of geographic information is pushing the GIS community to establish an open GIS architecture and provide distributed geographic information services. From an operational perspective, the role of client/server components underlie specification of task-oriented programming, and the modularization of GIS software. Exchange of geographic infor...