BACKGROUND Possible single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) interactions in breast cancer are usually not investigated in genome-wide association studies. Previously, we proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) method to compute these kinds of SNP interactions. However, this PSO does not guarantee to find the best result in every implement, especially when high-dimensional data is investigated...

An improved particle swarm optimizer (IPSO) with artificial immune algorithm (AIA) is proposed based on basic particle swarm optimization (BPSO). IPSO which is divided into two phases during the evolutionary process is different from BPSO. AIA remaining the diversity of population is applied in the first phase. Sub-population is formed by the optimum values sorted near the top from the first ph...

This study minimizes the periodic preventive maintenance cost for a series-parallel system using an improved particle swam optimization (IPSO). The optimal maintenance periods for all components in the system are determined efficiently. Though having advantages such as simple understanding and easy operation, a typical particle swam optimization (PSO) is easily trapped in local solutions when o...

An improved particle swarm optimization (IPSO) was proposed and the intelligent algorithms such as IPSO, genetic algorithm (GA), and simulated annealing algorithm (SA) were introduced to determine parameters of Van Genuchten (VG) model for soil water retention curve (SWRC) of four typical agricultural soil textures (clay, clay loam, silt loam and sand loam) in China. For comparison, the SWRC in...

A Cu-catalyzed oxidative ipso-annulation of activated alkynes with unactivated alkanes for the synthesis of 3-alkyl spiro[4,5]trienones is described. This method allows the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and one carbon-oxygen bond in a single reaction through a sequence of C-H oxidative coupling, ipso-carbocyclization and dearomatization.

Making full use of abundant renewable solar energy through the development of photovoltaic (PV) technology is an effective means to solve the problems such as difficulty in electricity supply and energy shortages in remote rural areas. In order to improve the electricity generating efficiency of PV cells, it is necessary to track the maximum power point of PV array, which is difficult to make u...