Noyes [Noyes, R. M. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 7248-7249] has obtained a result for the Gibbs free energy per unit mass in a continuous flow stirred tank reactor, which states that the steady-state free energy increases monotonically with decreasing residence time for any stable stationary point. We show that his derivation is based on an erroneous stability criterion. We further inv...

A pre-treatment method for upgrading gold from a polymetallic gold-zinc-lead ore by flotation was studied. X-ray diffraction analysis of the sulfide showed that quartz, calcite, pyrite, sphalerite, and galena are main constituents ore. The composition contained 6.49 ppm Au, 3.48% Zn, 1.25% Pb, 17.98% Fe, 20.36% S. Due to complexity ore, recovery is generally low. objective this study develop pr...

BACKGROUND Family history can be a useful screening tool in the assessment and management of the risk for noncommunicable disease. However, no data have yet been reported on family history of hypertension and its effect on children's overweight. METHODS A total of 7249 Japanese children enrolled in the Toyama Birth Cohort Study were followed until 2002 (mean age: 12.3 years). Family history o...

BACKGROUND Training care givers reduces their burden and improves psychosocial outcomes in care givers and patients at one year. However, the cost effectiveness of this approach has not been investigated. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost effectiveness of caregiver training by examining health and social care costs, informal care costs, and quality adjusted life years in care givers. DESIGN A ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Many dispensing errors occur in the hospital, and these can endanger patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of dispensing errors by a unit dose drug dispensing system, to categorize the most frequent types of errors, and to evaluate their potential clinical significance. METHODS A prospective study using a direct observation method to detect med...

Validating potential targets is an important step in the drug discovery process. In this study, we tested the feasibility of using inducible RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo to obtain an unbiased evaluation on the efficacy of inhibiting hypoxiainducible factor-1A (HIF-1A) in established tumors. We showed that HIF-1A inhibition resulted in transient tumor stasis or tumor regression, and inhibitin...

BACKGROUND Reasons for the excess risk for cardiovascular disease among people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease remain unclear. Our objective was to examine the cardiovascular risk profile for adults with obstructive and restrictive impairments of lung functioning in a representative sample of adults from the United States. METHODS We used data from adults aged 20-79 years who parti...