General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was notable in largely excluding agriculture whereas the World Organization (WTO) brought into world trade rules. This article aims to evaluate impacts of production productivity, especially changes between GATT WTO periods. Using a panel 126 countries from 1962-2014, this derives not only spillover effects that were overlooked, but also provides mo...

The global climate regime, as represented by the Kyoto Protocol, may be on a collision course with the global trade policy regime, as represented by the WTO (World Trade Organization). Environmentalists fear that international trade will undercut efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as carbon-intensive production migrates to non-participating countries—a phenomenon known as leakage....

In the context of overlapping bilateral, regional, and multilateral trade agreements, states face a wide array of options for market opening strategies. This paper examines why states choose to adjudicate some trade disputes in the WTO dispute settlement process while negotiating or ignoring others. It then compares outcomes given the choice among alternative strategies. I argue that government...

During the past half-century, states have established a large number of international trade institutions, both multilateral and regional in scope. The existing literature emphasizes that these agreements are chiefly designed to liberalize and increase the flow of overseas commerce. Yet such institutions have another function that has been largely ignored by researchers, namely, reducing volatil...

The World Trade Organization, also known as the WTO, is a global organization that specifically oversees international trade. Organization (WTO) was founded to realize fair dispute resolution and more orderly, smooth, free, liberal, transparent, predictive signing of various agreements among WTO member states on trade regulations marked achievement organization's goals. Here are objectives this...

comments on earlier versions of the study. I have also benefited greatly from participating in the trade talks between OECD and Vietnam in early May 1997, and I would like to thank Jack Martens of OECD's Trade Directorate for providing this valuable opportunity to learn more about the making of trade policy. However, I am personally responsible for the views and opinions presented below, as wel...